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Women During the 1930s

Women During the 1930s. Iconic “Migrant Mother”. Dorothea Lange photo, 1936. Eleanor Roosevelt. Complex Picture. Depression was gendered experience Expanded opportunities for white women (sometimes more than white males)

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Women During the 1930s

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  1. Women During the 1930s

  2. Iconic “Migrant Mother” Dorothea Lange photo, 1936

  3. Eleanor Roosevelt

  4. Complex Picture • Depression was gendered experience • Expanded opportunities for white women (sometimes more than white males) • Continued individual achievement, esp. in emerging fields like film & aviation • Women shaped New Deal policies

  5. The Depression & Gender • Crisis discussed as male dilemma • Class differentials • Hostility to married women workers • Desertion rates increased; divorce did not • Fertility rates declined

  6. Race Differentials • White women benefitted from New Deal federal employment & lesser impact on light industry • Black women hurt by constriction of agriculture sector and domestic work . North Carolina cannery, 1930s

  7. Network Help • Family assistance • Ethnic/racial communities • Boarders

  8. Single Women • Cultural prohibition against female hoboes, sleeping in flophouses • For desperate: Domestic service or prostitution

  9. Married Women • Number +50% in labor force • Cheaper domestics • Home-based work increases • Media vilifies Office work, 1930s

  10. Strong Role Models

  11. Strong Role Models

  12. Gov’t Limitations • 1932 Economy Act (federal) • Local gov’ts followed • By 1940, only 13% districts hiring married women teachers; 70% fired upon marriage • By 1940, 81,000 fewer female teachers

  13. Women’s New Deal Network • 28 female political appointees • All born 1865-1904; median 1881-2. • 70% college, half graduate school • 10 never married; 9 widowed by 1930 • ½ group leaders in suffrage movement; ½ active in war effort

  14. Network Center • Provided entrée to President • Applied pressure to other officials • Appeared personally to support own & FDR causes

  15. Molly Dewson • Patronage positions: • Promoted social justice issues • Demonstrated value of women’s contributions • Rewarded female Dem. political leaders • Head Women’s Division, • DNC

  16. Frances Perkins • First female Cabinet member • Many New Deal reforms out of Labor • Led Social Security initiative • Helped bring in labor groups

  17. 1933 Conference on Women • Brought women’s groups like League of Women Voters, Women’s Trade Union League into problems of getting relief to women. • By 1935: 300K women on FERA work relief (12% of total on relief; 10% of total women unemployed.) FERA camp, 1934

  18. Mary McLeod Bethune • Founded NCNW, 1935 • “Black Cabinet” • Nat’l Youth Admin. • Fed. Council on Negro Affairs

  19. Complex Picture • Depression was gendered experience • Expanded opportunities for white women (sometimes more than white males) • Continued individual achievement, esp. in emerging fields like film & aviation • Women shaped New Deal policies

  20. Questions?

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