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Ions in solids and solutions.

This text explores the behavior of ions in ionic solids and solutions, including the concept of hydrated ions and the dissolution process. It discusses the bonds being made and broken, as well as the exothermic and endothermic nature of the reactions. The enthalpy changes and solutions are also explained, along with the factors affecting the solubility. Tables 5 and 7 provide additional information.

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Ions in solids and solutions.

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  1. Ions in solids and solutions. CI 4.5 and revision of 5.1

  2. - - + - + + - - + Ions in ionic solids. Cl- Na+

  3. δ- δ- δ- δ- δ- δ- δ- δ- δ+ δ+ δ+ δ+ δ+ δ+ δ+ δ+ δ- δ+ Ions in solution. Hydrated ions - + Most electronegative Polar molecules O Oδ- H Hδ+ Hδ+ H

  4. Dissolving.

  5. δ- δ- δ- δ- δ- δ- δ- δ- δ- δ- δ- δ- δ- δ- δ- δ- δ- δ- δ- δ- δ- δ- δ- δ- δ- δ- δ+ δ+ δ+ δ+ δ+ δ+ δ+ δ+ δ+ δ+ δ+ δ+ δ+ δ+ δ+ δ+ δ+ δ+ δ+ δ+ δ+ δ+ δ+ δ+ δ+ δ+ Some bonds made Some bonds broken - - + - + + - - +

  6. - Some bonds broken Some bonds made - + - + + - - +

  7. + Some bonds made - - + - + Some bonds broken - - +

  8. Some bonds made Dissolving. Some bonds broken Exothermic Endothermic

  9. - - + What is this? ΔHLE - -ΔHLE ΔHhyd(cat) + + ΔHhyd(an) ΔHsol - - +

  10. What is this? ΔHLE - - + -ΔHLE ΔHhyd(cat) - + + - - + ΔHhyd(an) ΔHsol

  11. Exo or endo? - - + -ΔHLE - + + - - +

  12. - What is this? - + - ΔHLE + + - - + -ΔHLE ΔHhyd(cat) ΔHhyd(an) ΔHsol

  13. - Exo or endo? - + - + + - - + ΔHhyd(an)

  14. + - What is this? - + - ΔHLE + - - + -ΔHLE ΔHhyd(cat) ΔHhyd(an) ΔHsol

  15. + - Exo or endo? - + - + - - + ΔHhyd(cat)

  16. enthalpy Gaseous ions ΔHhyd(cat) ΔHhyd(an) -ΔHLE Solution ΔHsolution Solute + solvent ΔHsolution = -ΔHLE + ΔHhyd(cat) + ΔHhyd(an)

  17. enthalpy Gaseous ions ΔHhyd(cat) ΔHhyd(an) -ΔHLE Solution ΔHsolution Solute + solvent Exo or endo? Endo ΔHsolution =

  18. enthalpy Gaseous ions ΔHhyd(cat) ΔHhyd(an) -ΔHLE Solution ΔHsolution Solute + solvent Won’t dissolve Endo ΔHsolution =

  19. enthalpy Gaseous ions ΔHhyd(cat) -ΔHLE ΔHhyd(an) Solute + solvent ΔHsolution Solution Exo or endo? Exo ΔHsolution =

  20. enthalpy Gaseous ions ΔHhyd(cat) -ΔHLE ΔHhyd(an) Solute + solvent ΔHsolution Solution Will dissolve Exo ΔHsolution =

  21. enthalpy Gaseous ions ΔHhyd(cat) ΔHhyd(an) -ΔHLE Solution Solute + solvent ΔHsolution May dissolve Slightly endo

  22. Entropy!

  23. Finally…. (Tables 5 and 7) + 0.078nm 2+ 26

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