Imperialism in Asia: China and Japan

1. Imperialism in Asia:China and Japan

2. “The Japanese willow bent with the winds of western imperialism and survived; the Chinese oak stood fast against the winds from the west and fell.”

3. China’s Response to Pressure from the West

4. Attempts at Diplomacy • Canton System was odious to the British and other trading countries. WHY??? • The British sent three embassies to Peking in an effort to negotiate changes: • Charles Cathcart (1787) • George Macartney (1792-3) • Lord Amherst (1816) • All attempts to achieve diplomatic contact were rejected. A fourth attempt was made by Lord Napier in 1834. He died without ever being permitted to deliver his credentials.

5. Chests of Opium Brought Into China

7. The Opium Wars 1839-1842 • Britain refused to stop their very profitable trade in opium with China.

8. Treaty of Nanking Conditions of the Treaty of Nanking I Lasting peace between the two nations. II The ports of Canton, Amoy, Fuchau, Ningpo, and Shangai to be opened to British trade and residence, and trade conducted according to a well-understood tariff. III It being obviously necessary and desirable that British subjects should have some port whereat they may careen and refit their ships when required,î the island of Hong Kong to be ceded to her Majesty. IV Six millions of dollars to be paid as the value of the opium which was delivered up as ransom for the lives of H.N.M. Superintendent and subjects,î in March, 1839. V Three millions of dollars to be paid for the debts due to British merchants. VI Twelve millions to be paid for the expenses incurred in the expedition sent out to obtain redress for the violent and unjust proceedings of the Chinese high authorities. VII The entire amount of $21,000,000 to be paid before December 31, 1845. VIII All prisoners of war to be immediately released by the Chinese. IX The Emperor to grant full and entire amnesty to those of his subjects who had aided the British. X A regular and fair tariff of export and import custom and other dues to be established at the open ports, and a transit duty to be levied in addition which will give goods a free conveyance to all places in China. XI Official correspondence to be hereafter conducted on terms of equality according to the payments of money. XII Conditions for restoring the places held by British troops to be according to the payments of money. XIII Time of exchanging ratifications and carrying the treaty into effect.

9. Treaty of Nanjing: An Unequal Treaty • Chinese are humiliated and defeated • British get the port of Hong Kong • 5 Chinese ports opened to British trade • Chinese must pay 21 million • Opium trade continues • Extraterritorialrights for foreign citizens • Foreigners are exempt from legal jurisdiction of a country • British were free from following the laws of China within their spheres of influence. • Growing Chinese resentment against the foreign “barbarians”

10. Taiping Rebellion 1850-1864 • CAUSES • Hunger & starvation among the Chinese because of China’s inability to feed its growing population • Increasing opium addiction • Growing poverty • Christian missionaries’ message of a “Heavenly Kingdom of Peace” inspires Hong Xiuquan to lead a 14 year rebellion against the corrupt Qing Dynasty

11. Taiping Rebellion • EFFECTS • Combined Br., Fr, & Qing forces crush the peasant rebellion and the Qing dynasty is restored to power • Fertile farmland is destroyed by the hungry armies • At least 20 million (some estimate 40 million) die.

12. Self-strengthening Movement: 1860s CAUSES • Conservative Chinese clung to traditional ways and resist change starting at the top, but provincial leaders saw the need to reform and modernized education, diplomatic services and the military. • Slogan, “Learn the superior technology of the barbarian, in order to control him.”

13. Self-strengthening Movement EFFECTS • Produced warships & ammunitions • Boosted Chinese morale • Generally unsuccessful because of lack of government support.

14. Sino-Japanese War, 1894 -Fought between Qing and Meiji Japan for control of Korea. -Demonstrated the failure of the self-strengthening movement. -Major power shift in East Asia. -Qing were humiliated; set in motion chain of events that culminated in the 1911 Revolution that overthrew Qing.

17. 100 Days’ Reform • A failed 104-day national cultural, political and educational reform movement in 1898. • Undertaken by the young Guangxu Emperor and his supporters. • Ended in a coup led by the conservative Empress Dowager Cixi.

18. Open Door Policy 1899 • CAUSES • China has a weak military, as well as economic and political problems. • China is being divided up into more Western spheres of influence. • U.S. fears that China would be divided into formal colonies and American traders would be shut out.

19. Open Door Policy 1899 • EFFECTS • This policy would protect American trading rights in China. • Keep China free from colonization • But China was still at the mercy of economic imperialism by foreign powers.

20. 1900 Boxer Rebellion • CAUSES • The young Emperor’s 100 Days of Reform fails when the Dowager Empress Cixi arrests him & executes his leaders. • The Chinese people’s long standing frustration with poor conditions & the gov’t failure to reform increases. • The Chinese are angered by the special privileges given to foreigners • They resent Chinese Christians.

21. Boxer Rebellion • EFFECTS • In spring , “Society of Harmonious Fists” aka Boxers surround the European section. • In August they are defeated by 20,000 multinational forces. • China’s humiliation continues • A new sense of Chinese nationalism emerges. • Qing court begins steps to reform-promises a full constitutional gov’t by 1917.

22. 1911 Revolution • Revolutionaries in southern China successfully overthrew Qing dynasty. • Republic was established • Sun Yat-sen (Yixian) became the provisional leader of the Republic of China.

23. Japan’s Response to the West

24. The Opening of Japan • On July 8, 1853, Commodore Matthew C. Perry (USN) entered Edo Bay with his “black ships” to demand that Japan open its ports to the U.S. • Under the Tokugawa Shogunate, Japan had enforced a policy of selective contact for almost 250 years. • The bakufu was thrown into a panic. Its inability to expel the foreigners brought its legitimacy into question. Matthew C. Perry (1794-1858)

25. U.S. Objectives • Commodore Perry’s task was to present a letter from President Millard Fillmore to the Emperor of Japan. It was signed, “Your Good Friend, Millard Fillmore.” • America sought: • A coaling station on the great circle route to China at which provisions could be obtained. • Assurance of good treatment for shipwrecked sailors. • Trade.

28. Japanese Response • The Japanese were awed by the speed and size of Perry’s ships. • The Japanese made an unsuccessful attempt to intercept Perry’s ships as they entered Edo Bay. • The large amounts of black smoke led some Japanese to think that Perry’s ships were on fire. • The letter was delivered to representatives of the bakufu at a hostile but correct meeting. The letter was to be transmitted to the Emperor. Perry would return in the Spring for an answer. • Perry’s delegation returned to their ships with a small Marine band playing Yankee Doodle.

29. Treaty of Kanagawa • Perry returned in February of 1854 with eight ships. The bakufu decided it had little choice but to follow a conciliatory policy. • The Treaty of Kanagawa: • Opened two ports for provisioning American ships, Shimoda and Hakodate. • Provided for humane treatment shipwrecked sailors. • Established diplomatic but not commercial relations. (Townsend Harris was chosen to negotiate a separate commercial treaty. He arrived in 1856.) • By 1860 Japan had given many foreigners permission to trade at treaty ports and granted extraterritorial rights.

30. Meiji Restoration • The opening of Japan precipitated a crisis which eventually led to the fall of the shogun and the restoration of imperial power in 1868. Emperor Meiji (1852-1912)

31. 1867 Meiji Emperor established a new gov’t • Emperor Mutsuhito ended the Tokugawa shogunate military dictatorship and established a new gov’t. • Selectively adapted aspects of foreign culture that they admired, such as American education system and Germany’s centralized gov’t & military discipline • Followed the Western path to industrialization & developed modern industry(shipbuilding, weapons, banking) by utilizing the prestige of the Samurai families (Mitsubishi)

32. Meiji Reforms • Feudalism dismantled • The daimyo received lucrative financial settlements, but the samurai lost their status as hereditary elite. • Satsuma rebellion in 1877 of the samurai • Lands held by lords returned to emperor. • A modern national army with conscription created • Occupations were opened to all

33. Iwakura Mission • Members of the mission: Iwakura Tonomi, plenipotentiary and ambassador (center), Kido Koin, Ito Hirobumi and Okubo Toshmichi, vice ambassadors (left to right) .

34. Sino Japanese War • The war led to the following consequences: • The destruction of the Chinese navy. • The beginning of Japanese empire expansion. • A change in the world’s balance of power • Emergence of Russia & Japan as major powers –and enemies- in East Asia

35. 1904 Russo-Japanese War CAUSE: • Russia refused to stay out of Korea because Russia still wanted a warm water port for trade. • Japan launched a surprise attack on the Russian navy anchored off the coast of Manchuria.

36. Russo-Japanese War • Consequences • Russian navy was defeated by Japan and destroyed. • Japan occupied Korea and Manchuria • Russia was forced to withdraw from Manchuria & Korea • SHOCK AROUND THE WORLD!!

37. 1910 Japan annexes Korea • Japanese rule of Korea is harsh, one of the most brutal in history. • They establish a repressive gov’t that denies rights to Koreans but modernizes the country. • Inspires a Korean nationalist movement.