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Chapter 4: Gender Development, Gender Roles, and Gender Identity

Chapter 4: Gender Development, Gender Roles, and Gender Identity. Chapter 4 Outline. Prenatal Development: X and Y Make the Difference Sexual Differentiation in the Womb Atypical Sexual Differentiation: Not Always Just X and Y Gender Roles and Gender Traits

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Chapter 4: Gender Development, Gender Roles, and Gender Identity

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  1. Chapter 4: Gender Development, Gender Roles, and Gender Identity

  2. Chapter 4 Outline • Prenatal Development: X and Y Make the Difference • Sexual Differentiation in the Womb • Atypical Sexual Differentiation: Not Always Just X and Y • Gender Roles and Gender Traits • Girls Act Like Girls, Boys Act Like Boys • Are Gender Roles Innate? • Studying Gender

  3. Chapter 4 Outline (Cont.) • Gender Role Theory • Evolutionary Theory: Adapting to Our Environment • Social Learning Theory: Learning from Our Environment • Cognitive Development Theory: Age-State Learning • Gender Schema Theory: Our Cultural Maps

  4. Chapter 4 Outline (Cont.) • Varieties of Gender • Masculinity: The Hunter • Femininity: The Nurturer • Androgyny: Feminine and Masculine • Transgenderism: Living as the Other Sex • Transsexualism: When Gender and Biology Don’t Agree • Third Genders: Other Cultures, Other Options • Asexualism: The Genetics but Not the Sex

  5. Chapter 4 Outline (Cont.) • Gender Role Socialization from Infancy through Old Age • Childhood: Learning by Playing • Adolescence: Practice Being Female or Male • Adulthood: Careers and Families • The Senior Years • Different but Not Less Than

  6. Gender and Sex • Gender – refers to behavioral, psychological, and social characteristics of men and women • Sex – refers to the biological aspects of being male or female • Both nature and nurture are important in forming gender • Case study: Dr. John Money and Brenda/Bruce

  7. Prenatal Development: X and Y Make the Difference • Humans reproduce sexually and are made to be sexual beings • Each parent supplies a gamete, each with half of the genetic information (23 chromosomes), including a sex chromosome • Male: sperm (X or Y) • Female: egg/ovum (X)

  8. Prenatal Development: X and Y Make the Difference (Cont.) • Fertilization • Haploid egg + Haploid sperm = Diploid zygote • Sex is determined at conception • Development of female or male sexual characteristics, usually • Some developmental variations

  9. Sexual Differentiation in the Womb • Gestation: 9 months • 4-6 weeks: gonads begin to develop and sexual differentiation starts 1-2 weeks later • Sex chromosomes control development of: • internal sex organs • external sex organs • the embryo’s hormonal environment • the brain’s sexual differentiation

  10. Internal Sex Organs • 5th – 6th week: primitive gonads form • 7th – 8th week: gonads become testes with Y chromosome and the SRY gene • 10th-11th week: gonads become ovaries with absence of Y chromosome and SRY gene, and possibly the presence of ovarian hormones • “Default setting” is female

  11. Internal Sex Organs (Cont.) • 10th-11th week: primitive duct systems appear • Müllerian duct (female) • Wolffian duct (male) • Their further development is hormonally controlled by the gonads

  12. Internal Sex Organs (Cont.) • Female embryos: • Lack male hormones and Wolffian duct degenerates • Müllerian duct forms: uterus, inner third of vagina • Male embryos: • Müllerian inhibiting factor regresses the Müllerian duct • Testosterone stimulates the Wolffian duct

  13. Figure 4.1 Development of the male and female internal reproductive systems from the undifferentiated stage. We discuss these specific structures more in Chapters 5 and 6.

  14. External Sex Organs • Homologous organs: developed from the same prenatal tissue • 8th week: tubercle differentiates • Female: female hormones from mother and placenta promote development into female external genitalia • Male: androgen secreted by the testes stimulate development into male external genitalia

  15. Figure 4.2 Development of the male and female external genitalia from the undifferentiated genital tubercle.

  16. Hormonal Development and Influences • Ovaries produce: • Estrogen: female sexual characteristics • Progesterone: menstrual cycle and pregnancy • Testes produce: • Androgens: development of male-typical characteristics

  17. Brain Differentiation • Hormones affect the development of the brain • The brain regulates secretion of hormones

  18. Atypical Sexual Differentiation: Not Always Just X and Y • Atypical sexual differentiation can occur with irregularities in: • Sex chromosomes • Sex hormones • Maternal hormone exposure

  19. Sex Chromosome Disorders • Over 70 sex chromosome abnormalities • Extra or missing sex chromosomes • 3 most common: • Klinefelter’s syndrome • Turner’s syndrome • XYY/XXX

  20. Klinefelter’s Syndrome • XXY – egg contained an extra X • 1/700 live male births • Develops male genitalia, but not fully • Tall, feminized body • Low testosterone levels; low in sexual desires • Gynecomastia • Infertile • Testosterone therapy

  21. Turner’s Syndrome • XO – egg has no sex chromosome • 1/2500 live female births • Ovaries aren’t fully developed • Amenorrhea • Infertile • Short stature • Immature breast development • Mental retardation • Estrogen and progesterone therapy

  22. XYY Syndrome / Triple X Syndrome • XYY or XXX – sperm contains an extra sex chromosome, or egg has an extra X • May be normal male (XYY) or normal female (XXX) • May have slight mental retardation and/or fertility problems

  23. Hormonal Irregularities • Hermaphrodite – born with fully developed testes and ovaries; extremely rare • Pseudohermaphrodite – external genitals appear on some level similar to both sexes • Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) • Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)

  24. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia • XX exposed to a lot of androgen prenatally during sexual differentiation • 1/10,000 to 18,000 girls • Adrenal glands in the embryo may produce too much androgen, or the mother takes male hormones or a male hormone agonist • Internally and genetically a female • Corrective surgery, drugs

  25. Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome • XY – the body doesn’t respond to testosterone that is produced by the testes • 1/20,000 boys • No internal reproductive structure except 2 undescended testes • Shallow “vagina” • Breasts develop • Do not menstruate; infertile • No surgery recommended without consent

  26. Gender Roles and Gender Traits • Gender stereotypes greatly influence our thoughts and interactions • Gender roles – culturally defined behaviors, attitudes, emotions, traits, mannerisms, appearances, and occupations that are appropriate for females and males • Gender traits – biologically determined differences between males and females

  27. Masculinity and Femininity • Ideal cluster of traits that society attributes to each gender • Changes with society, and varies from culture to culture • Less gender role stereotyping in African Americans and Northern U.S.

  28. Are Gender Roles Innate? • Behaviors are complex and typically interactions of nature and nurture • Cultures can vary widely in their definition of male and female, and transcend seeming traits • Tchambuli • Biological differences: body size, strength, muscle to fat ratio, maturation, brain form and function, “heartiness”

  29. Are Gender Roles Innate? (Cont.) • Maternal instinct and surrogate mothering • Play behavior in 3- to 6-year olds • Gender differences are easier to publish, but research has begun to look at gender similarities

  30. Gender Role Theory • A variety of theorists and positions • Evolutionary biology: gender differences are due to adapting to our environment • Social learning: learn gender roles from society, our environment • Cognitive development: universal stages for understanding and utilizing gender

  31. Gender Role Theory (Cont.) • Gender schema: cognitive structures organize “gender,” influenced by culture • Gender hierarchy: men are the standard and their traits are valued more by society • Chodorow’s developmental: psychoanalytic background; boys separate from mom by devaluing females; girls can love mom as a heterosexual and idealize father’s qualities

  32. Gender Role Theory (Cont.) • Ortner’s culture/nature: masculinity is associated with culture, femininity with nature; culture encompasses nature • MacKinnon’s dominance: men use gender to dominate; it is not a biological or social issue

  33. Varieties of Gender • Sex typing – thought processes that split the world into female and male categories • Greatly influences our thoughts and behaviors • Masculinity and femininity are independent traits

  34. Masculinity: The Hunter • Rights of passage in many societies • Contradictions in the male role: • Provide, but don’t solely focus on career • Be sexually successful, but not degrading to women • Be strong and stable, but be emotionally available • Do not be dependent on a woman • Men have a less flexible role than women

  35. Femininity: The Nurturer • Typically viewed as the opposite of masculinity • Characterized by beauty, empathy, concern, softness, modesty • Contradictions in the female role: • Job fulfillment, but stay at home with kids • Not just for looks, but use makeup/be thin • Opportunities are available, on men’s terms

  36. Androgyny: Feminine and Masculine • Rate high in femininity and masculinity • Flexibility in behaviors • This concept may be reinforcing gender roles

  37. Transgenderism: Living as the Other Sex • 10-15% of the population • Live the other gender’s role, full/part-time • Happy as their biological sex, but psychosocially pleasured dressing as the other sex • Relaxing and peaceful to cross-dress • Billy Tipton

  38. Billy Tipton was a well-known jazz musician who was discovered to be a female when he died in 1989.

  39. Transsexualism: When Gender and Biology Don’t Agree • Feel their gender identity does not match their biological sex (Gender Dysphoria) • “Trapped” in the wrong body • More males than females experience this • Sex reassignment surgery involves a long process: psychological counseling, live as the other sex, hormones, multiple surgeries • M2F: realistic results, orgasm • F2M: experimental stages

  40. Gender Identity Disorder: Jessica

  41. Third Genders: Other Cultures, Other Options • Some cultures have a third gender category • Native American berdache • Oman xanˉýth • Indian hijra • Thai kathoey • Hawaiian aikane • Tahitian mahu

  42. Asexualism: The Genetics but Not the Sex • Born without any sexual organs (no biological gender) • Has a genetic gender (XX or XY) • Typically assigned gender as a child and given hormones

  43. Gender Role Socialization From Babyhood Through Old Age • Childhood • Adolescence • Adulthood • Senior Years

  44. Childhood: Learning by Playing • Children are greatly defined by their gender • Name, clothing, decorations, toys • Treatment by parents, teachers, others • Model behavior of same gender individuals • Rewarded for stereotypical behavior, punished for nonstereotypical behavior (especially boys) • Homosocial play beginning 2½ to 3 years old

  45. Perceiving Gender Roles: Ages 0-2

  46. Perceiving Gender Roles: Ages 2-5

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