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Galaxy Distances - Then and Now

Galaxy Distances - Then and Now. Brent Tully, University of Hawaii with the essential collaboration of Rick Fisher, Ed Shaya, and Helene Courtois. “I have now been able to reach a solution … which I regard as definitive. The result is 865 km/s/Mpc.” A.S. Eddington 1935, MNRAS, 95, 636.

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Galaxy Distances - Then and Now

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  1. Galaxy Distances - Then and Now Brent Tully, University of Hawaii with the essential collaboration of Rick Fisher, Ed Shaya, and Helene Courtois “I have now been able to reach a solution … which I regard as definitive. The result is 865 km/s/Mpc.” A.S. Eddington 1935, MNRAS, 95, 636

  2. Are galaxies galaxies? E Hubble 1924, 33rd mtg AAS Cepheids in M31 and M33 d = 285 kpc

  3. Are galaxies galaxies? E Hubble 1924, 33rd mtg AAS Cepheids in M31 and M33 d = 285 kpc E Opik 1922, ApJ, 155, 406 Virial theorem: M~V2R d = 450 kpc

  4. Are galaxies galaxies? E Hubble 1924, 33rd mtg AAS Cepheids in M31 and M33 d = 285 kpc E Opik 1922, ApJ, 155, 406 Virial theorem: M~V2R d = 450 kpc

  5. Distances in the early ‘70s • Desperation methods: • diameters of HII regions • brightest blue supergiants • brightest red supergiants • luminosity classifications • sosi • Less desperate: • indicative total mass Opik’s method MT = 0.1 D  V2 / sin2i D = distance  = size V = profile 1/2 width Roberts 1962, AJ, 67, 431 Balkowski et al. 1973, A&A, 23, 139

  6. Fisher and Tully Graduate: 1972

  7. M31 Mpg = -21.0 0.5Wi = 258 km/s A Thought Experiment M33 Mpg = -18.7 0.5Wi = 109 km/s

  8. M31 Mpg = -21.0 0.5Wi = 258 km/s A Thought Experiment M33 Mpg = -18.7 0.5Wi = 109 km/s factor 2 distance changes Mpg = -19.5 ?? Mpg = -20.2 ??

  9. Tully & Fisher 1977, A&A, 54, 661 Virgo Cluster: d = 13.2 Mpc H0 ~ 80 km/s/Mpc

  10. my H0 contributions H0 = 85 PT: 2 clusters; 3 ZP (1 @ I) H0 = 77 TP: 12 clusters; 24 ZP H0 = 75.9 CT: 13 clusters; 36 ZP; SNIa tie TF: 1977, A&A, 54,661 PT: 1988, ApJ, 330, 579 TP: 2000, ApJ, 533, 744 CT: 2012, ApJ, 749, (Apr 10) L band

  11. my H0 contributions H0 = 85 PT: 2 clusters; 3 ZP (1 @ I) H0 = 77 TP: 12 clusters; 24 ZP H0 = 75.9 CT: 13 clusters; 36 ZP; SNIa tie TF: 1977, A&A, 54,661 PT: 1988, ApJ, 330, 579 TP: 2000, ApJ, 533, 744 CT: 2012, ApJ, 749, (Apr 10) L band We knew in 1988 that CDM with m=1 was wrong

  12. Calibration 2012 Mibik = -21.39 - 8.81(logWimx - 2.5)

  13. Calibration 2012 Mibik = -21.39 - 8.81(logWimx - 2.5) NGC 2403 (only ZP calibrator at I in 1988) M = 0.27 => 13% in distance H0: 75=>85

  14. SNIa calibration: link to large scales Cepheid, TRGB, SBF, TF, FP Courtois & Tully 2012, ApJ, 748, #2

  15. Mid Infrared Calibration 1. uniformity across sky 2. flux dominantly from old stars 3. minimal extinction corrections 4. deep `total’ photometry But: color is a 3rd parameter S: Spitzer 3.5m fluxes - color adjustment Sorce et al. 2012, in prep.

  16. Deviations from Cosmic ExpansionVobs = H0d + VpecH0 = <Vobs/d> Aaronson, Huchra, Mould, Schechter, Tully 1982, ApJ, 258, 64 Virgocentric flows in Local Supercluster Ed Shaya’s thesis: Shaya 1984, ApJ, 280, 470 Anticipated Great Attractor influence Tully & Shaya 1984, ApJ, 281, 31 Virgo infall Shaya & Tully 1984, ApJ, 281, 56 Angular momentum in galaxies many galaxies, mostly spirals, enter Virgo Cluster in next 3 Gyr mass of Virgo Cluster well constrained by most extreme infalling galaxies

  17. Quiet Local Flow and Local Velocity Anomaly Sandage, Tammann, & Hardy 1972, ApJ, 172, 253 Tammann & Kraan 1978, IAU Symp 79, 71 Tully 1982, ApJ, 257, 389 Karachentsev, Kashibadze, Makarov, Tully 2009, 393, 1265 los ~ 25 km/s TRGB distances with HST

  18. Quiet Local Flowand Local Velocity Anomaly Faber & Burstein 1988, Vatican Study Week, p116 Tully 1988, Vatican Study Week, p169 Tully, Shaya, Karachentsev, Courtois, et al. 2008, ApJ, 676, 184 Velocity discontinuity between Local Sheet and adjacent Leo Spur Local Supercluster zoom in orange: Vpec > 100 km/s green: |Vpec| < 100 km/s purple: Vpec < -100 km/s

  19. Quiet Local Flowand Local Velocity Anomaly Faber & Burstein 1988, Vatican Study Week, p116 Tully 1988, Vatican Study Week, p169 Tully, Shaya, Karachentsev, Courtois, et al. 2008, ApJ, 676, 184 Velocity discontinuity between Local Sheet and adjacent Leo Spur Local Supercluster zoom in orange: Vpec > 100 km/s green: |Vpec| < 100 km/s purple: Vpec < -100 km/s vectors orange: 323 km/s blue: 185 km/s toward Virgo red: 259 km/s away from Local Void

  20. Numerical Action Models Peebles 1989, ApJ, 344, L53 Shaya, Peebles, Tully 1995, ApJ, 454, 15 Peebles, Phelps, Shaya, Tully 2001, ApJ, 554, 104 out of Local Void toward Virgo toward Virgo

  21. Virgo NAM: small scales Model focusing on the interactions between the dominant galaxies in the Local and Maffei groups. from Void Virgo

  22. NAM: intermediate scales Shaya, Peebles, & Tully 1995, ApJ, 454, 15 Distances to galaxies with V<3000 km/s Mass assignments based on B light => m = 0.2 13.7 Gyr

  23. MAK Reconstruction (Monge-Ampere-Kantorovich) Lavaux, Tully, Mohayaee, Colombi 2010, ApJ, 709, 483 Action reconstruction with 105 galaxies

  24. Cosmicflows-1 (distances) Wiener Filter redshift survey local Courtois, Hoffman, Tully, Gottloeber 2012, ApJ, 744, 43 tidal

  25. Cosmicflows-2 Courtois, Tully, Fisher et al. 2009, AJ, 138, 1938 Courtois, Tully, … Fisher et al. 2011, MNRAS, 414, 2005 Courtois, Tully, Heraudeau 2011 MNRAS, 415, 1935 As of 2012, April 1: 14,221 galaxies with HI profiles 11,353 galaxies good HI link SFI++ - FP link SNIa link Cepheid - TRGB - SBF

  26. Photometry Courtois et al. 2011, MNRAS, 415, 1935 Sorce et al. in preparation EDD: Extragalactic Distance Databasehttp://edd.ifa.hawaii.edu HST CMD Jacobs et al. 2009, AJ, 138, 332 HI profiles Courtois et al. 2009, AJ, 138, 1938 Courtois et al. 2011, MNRAS, 414, 2005 Redshift catalogs Group information Summary distances Tully et al. 2009, AJ, 138, 323 Curators: Luca Rizzi, Ed Shaya

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