PHP (H ypertext P reprocessor )

1. PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) LECTURE 3 Prepared by: Muhammad Arif

2. PHP • PHP performs system functions, i.e. from files on a system it can create, open, read, write, and close them. • PHP can handle forms, i.e. gather data from files, save data to a file, thru email you can send data, return data to the user. • You add, delete, and modify elements within your database thru PHP. • Access cookies variables and set cookies. • Using PHP, you can restrict users to access some pages of your website. • It can encrypt data

3. Characteristics of PHP Five important characteristics make PHP's practical nature possible: • Simplicity • Efficiency • Security • Flexibility • Familiarity

4. PHP Variables • PHP has a total of eight data types which we use to construct our variables: • Integers: are whole numbers, without a decimal point, like 4195. • Doubles: are floating-point numbers, like 3.14159 or 49.1. • Booleans: have only two possible values either true or false. • NULL: is a special type that only has one value: NULL. • Strings: are sequences of characters, like 'PHP supports string operations.‘ • Arrays: are named and indexed collections of other values. • Objects: are instances of programmer-defined classes, which can package up both other kinds of values and functions that are specific to the class. • Resources: are special variables that hold references to resources external to PHP (such as database connections).

5. PHP is a Loosely Typed Language • In PHP a variable does not need to be declared before being set. i.e. $int_var = 12345; $many = 2.2888800; $my_var = NULL; $string_1 = "This is a string in double quotes"; • In the example above, you see that you do not have to tell PHP which data type the variable is. • PHP automatically converts the variable to the correct data type, depending on how they are set. • In a strongly typed programming language, you have to declare (define) the type and name of the variable before using it. • In PHP the variable is declared automatically when you use it.

6. PHP Variable Scope • PHP has four different variable scopes: • Local • Global • Static • Parameter

7. PHP Variable Scope • Local Scope • A variable declared within a PHP function becomes local and can only be accessed within that function. (the variable has local scope). • You can have local variables with the same name in different functions, because local variables are only recognized by the function in which they are declared. • Local variables are deleted as soon as the function is completed.

8. PHP Variable Scope • Global Scope • Global scope refers to any variable that is defined outside of any function. • Global variables can be accessed from any part of the program that is not inside a function. • To access a global variable from within a function, use the global keyword: <?php$a = 10; // global scopefunction myTest(){ echo global $a; // reference to global scope variable} myTest();?> • PHP also stores all global variables in an array called $GLOBALS[ ]. • Its index is the name of the variable. This array is also accessible from within functions and can be used to update global variables directly: • global $a;$a="abc";

9. PHP Variable Scope • Static Scope • When a function is completed, all of its variables are normally deleted. However, sometimes you want a local variable to not be deleted. • To do this, use the static keyword when you first declare the variable: static $rememberMe; • Then, each time the function is called, that variable will still have the information it contained from the last time the function was called. • Note: The variable is still local to the function.

10. PHP Variable Scope • Parameters • A parameter is a local variable whose value is passed to the function by the calling code. • Parameters are declared in a parameter list as part of the function declaration: function myTest($para1,$para2,...) { // function code } • Parameters are also called arguments. We will discuss them in more detail when we talk about functions.

11. PHP Functions • To keep the script from being executed when the page loads, you can put it into a function. • A function will be executed by a call to the function. • You may call a function from anywhere within a page.

12. PHP Built-in Functions • Array functions (e.g. array( ), array_fill( ), array_diff( ),…… etc) • Calendar functions (e.g. cal_days_in_month( ), cal_info( )……etc) • Date functions (e.g. checkdate( ), date( ), getdate( )……..etc) • Directory functions (e.g. chdir( ), dir( ),……etc) • Error functions (e.g. error_get_last ( ), get_log( )…..etc) • Filesystem functions • Filter functions • FTP functions • HTTP functions • LibXML functions • Mail functions • Math functions • Misc functions • MySQL functions • SimpleXML functions • String functions • XML Parser functions • Zip functions For built-in functions, please visit our PHP Reference.

13. Create a PHP Function • A function will be executed by a call to the function. Syntax function functionName() {code to be executed; } PHP function guidelines: • Give the function a name that reflects what the function does • The function name can start with a letter or underscore (not a number)

14. Function Example <html><body><?php function writeName() { echo “shahid afridi"; }echo "My name is ";writeName(); ?></body></html> Output: My name is shahid afridi

15. PHP Functions - Adding parameters • The following example will write different first names, but equal last name: <html><body><?phpfunction writeName($fname){echo $fname . " Refsnes.<br />";}echo "My name is ";writeName("Kai Jim");echo "My sister's name is ";writeName("Hege");echo "My brother's name is ";writeName("Stale");?></body></html> Output: My name is Kai Jim Refsnes. My sister's name is Hege Refsnes. My brother's name is Stale Refsnes.

16. PHP Functions with Parameters: <html> <head> <title>Writing PHP Function with Parameters</title> </head> <body> <?php function addFunction($num1, $num2) { $sum = $num1 + $num2; echo "Sum of the two numbers is : $sum"; } addFunction(10, 20); ?> </body> </html>

17. Passing Arguments by Reference: <?php function addFive($num) { $num += 5; } function addSix(&$num) { $num += 5; } $orignum = 10; addFive( &$orignum ); echo "Original Value is $orignum<br />"; addSix( $orignum ); echo "Original Value is $orignum<br />"; ?>

18. PHP Functions - Return values • To let a function return a value, use the return statement. <html><body><?php function add($x,$y) { $total=$x+$y; return $total; }echo "1 + 16 = " . add(1,16);?></body></html> Output: 1 + 16 = 17

19. PHP Functions returning value: <html><head> <title>Writing PHP Function which returns value</title></head> <body> <?php function addFunction($num1, $num2) { $sum = $num1 + $num2; return $sum; } $return_value = addFunction(10, 20); echo "Returned value from the function : $return_value ?> </body> </html>

20. Setting Default Values for Function Parameters: • You can set a parameter to have a default value if the function's caller doesn't pass it. • Following function prints NULL in case use does not pass any value to this function. <?php function printMe($param = NULL) { print $param; } printMe("This is test"); printMe(); ?>

21. Dynamic Function Calls: <?php function sayHello() { echo "Hello<br />"; } $function_holder = "sayHello"; $function_holder(); ?>