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Blood

Blood. 16. About this Chapter. Plasma and the cellular elements of blood Blood cell production Red blood cells Platelets and coagulation. Composition of Blood. Figure 16-1 (1 of 2). Composition of Blood. Figure 16-1 (2 of 2). Plasma Proteins. Cellular Elements.

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Blood

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  1. Blood 16

  2. About this Chapter • Plasma and the cellular elements of blood • Blood cell production • Red blood cells • Platelets and coagulation

  3. Composition of Blood Figure 16-1 (1 of 2)

  4. Composition of Blood Figure 16-1 (2 of 2)

  5. Plasma Proteins

  6. Cellular Elements • Three main cellular elements • Platelets split off from megakaryocyte • Five types of mature white blood cells • Monocytes develop into macrophages • Tissue basophils are mast cells • Neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages are known as phagocytes • Lymphocytes are also called immunocytes • Basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils are also called granulocytes

  7. Clinical Tests The blood count Hematocrit: ratio of red blood cells to plasma Figure 16-3

  8. Hematopoiesis Figure 16-2

  9. Focus on … Bone Marrow Figure 16-4a

  10. Focus on … Bone Marrow (c) Mature blood cells squeeze through the endothelium to reach the circulation. Stem cell Red blood cell maturation Reticulocyte expelling nucleus Mature neutrophil Platelets Fragments of megakaryocyte break off to become platelets. Venous sinus Reticular fiber Neutrophil maturation Reticular cell Stem cell The stroma is composed of fibroblast-like reticular cells, collagenous fibers, and extracellular matrix. Macrophage Monocyte Lymphocyte Overall components of bone marrow- see reticular cells and sinus capillary Figure 16-4c

  11. Focus on … Bone Marrow (c) Mature blood cells squeeze through the endothelium to reach the circulation. Stem cell Red blood cell maturation Reticulocyte expelling nucleus Platelets Fragments of megakaryocyte break off to become platelets. Venous sinus Reticular fiber Reticular cell Stem cell The stroma is composed of fibroblast-like reticular cells, collagenous fibers, and extracellular matrix. Macrophage Monocyte Lymphocyte Pay attention to RBC formation and entry to blood stream Figure 16-4c (6 of 11)

  12. Focus on … Bone Marrow (c) Mature blood cells squeeze through the endothelium to reach the circulation. Stem cell Red blood cell maturation Reticulocyte expelling nucleus Platelets Fragments of megakaryocyte break off to become platelets. Venous sinus Reticular fiber Neutrophil maturation Reticular cell Stem cell The stroma is composed of fibroblast-like reticular cells, collagenous fibers, and extracellular matrix. Macrophage Monocyte Lymphocyte Pay attention to WBC and platelet formation Figure 16-4c (10 of 11)

  13. Erythrocytes • Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. • Originate in bone marrow and as they mature they expel their organelles before entering the blood stream. • Most numerous component of formed elements. • Contain no nucleus or organelles, instead they are packed with hemoglobin. • There are three important characteristics of red blood cells: • 1. Their concave shape allows for 30% more surface area for carrying oxygen. • 2. 97% of their content is hemoglobin. • It is used for binding both oxygen and • CO2 • 3. They depend on anaerobic • respiration thus they do not • consume any oxygen

  14. Red Blood Cells Figure 16-5

  15. Osmotic Changes to Red Blood Cells Morphology of red blood cells can provide clues to the presence of disease.- diagram shows cells in solutions of different salt concentrations. Figure 16-6

  16. Iron Metabolism Normally the body stores iron- women need to consume more iron than men. Why? Figure 16-7

  17. Red Blood Cells • Live for about 120 days-old cells get broken at the spleen or cleared by macrophages • Hemoglobin components are recycled-iron is reused to make new hemoglobin • Remnants of heme groups – the other components are take to the liver and become components of bile • Bilirubin and excreted in bile • Jaundice • Elevated levels of bilirubin

  18. Red Blood Cells Anemia is a condition in which not enough oxygen is delivered to the tissues. This condition can be caused by many factors.

  19. Sickled Red Blood Cells A single genetic mutation error in one amino acids produces a proteins with an irregular shape causing many problems Figure 16-8

  20. Platelets and Megakaryocytes Figure 16-9a

  21. Hemostasis (not homeostasis) • Keeps blood within blood vessels (hemorrhage does not) • Requires: 1- vasoconstriction, 2- platelet plug formation, 3- blood coagulation (seal hole) • Coagulation cascade results in formation of fibrin, a fiber mesh that stabilizes the platelet plug=clot • Plasmin is an enzyme that dissolves the clot as the tissue heals • A thrombus results from too much clot formation and can block a blood vessel

  22. Platelet Plug Formation Figure 16-11

  23. Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair*** Damage to wall of blood vessel Collagen exposed Tissue factor exposed Platelets adhere and release platelet factors Vasoconstriction Coagulation cascade Thrombin formation Platelets aggregate into loose platelet plug Converts fibrinogen to fibrin Reinforced platelet plug (clot) Temporary hemostasis Fibrin slowly dissolved by plasmin Cell growth and tissue repair Clot dissolves Intact blood vessel wall Diagram series displays the mechanisms for restoring broken blood vessels Figure 16-10

  24. Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair Damage to wall of blood vessel Collagen exposed Tissue factor exposed Figure 16-10 (3 of 17)

  25. Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair Damage to wall of blood vessel Collagen exposed Tissue factor exposed Platelets adhere and release platelet factors Coagulation cascade Figure 16-10 (5 of 17)

  26. Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair Damage to wall of blood vessel Collagen exposed Tissue factor exposed Platelets adhere and release platelet factors Vasoconstriction Coagulation cascade Platelets aggregate into loose platelet plug Figure 16-10 (8 of 17)

  27. Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair Damage to wall of blood vessel Collagen exposed Tissue factor exposed Platelets adhere and release platelet factors Vasoconstriction Coagulation cascade Platelets aggregate into loose platelet plug Temporary hemostasis Figure 16-10 (9 of 17)

  28. Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair Damage to wall of blood vessel Collagen exposed Tissue factor exposed Platelets adhere and release platelet factors Vasoconstriction Coagulation cascade Thrombin formation Platelets aggregate into loose platelet plug Converts fibrinogen to fibrin Reinforced platelet plug (clot) Temporary hemostasis Figure 16-10 (13 of 17)

  29. Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair Damage to wall of blood vessel Collagen exposed Tissue factor exposed Platelets adhere and release platelet factors Vasoconstriction Coagulation cascade Thrombin formation Platelets aggregate into loose platelet plug Converts fibrinogen to fibrin Reinforced platelet plug (clot) Temporary hemostasis Cell growth and tissue repair Figure 16-10 (14 of 17)

  30. Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair Damage to wall of blood vessel Collagen exposed Tissue factor exposed Platelets adhere and release platelet factors Vasoconstriction Coagulation cascade Thrombin formation Platelets aggregate into loose platelet plug Converts fibrinogen to fibrin Reinforced platelet plug (clot) Temporary hemostasis Fibrin slowly dissolved by plasmin Cell growth and tissue repair Figure 16-10 (15 of 17)

  31. Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair Damage to wall of blood vessel Collagen exposed Tissue factor exposed Platelets adhere and release platelet factors Vasoconstriction Coagulation cascade Thrombin formation Platelets aggregate into loose platelet plug Converts fibrinogen to fibrin Reinforced platelet plug (clot) Temporary hemostasis Fibrin slowly dissolved by plasmin Cell growth and tissue repair Clot dissolves Figure 16-10 (16 of 17)

  32. Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair Damage to wall of blood vessel Collagen exposed Tissue factor exposed Platelets adhere and release platelet factors Vasoconstriction Coagulation cascade Thrombin formation Platelets aggregate into loose platelet plug Converts fibrinogen to fibrin Reinforced platelet plug (clot) Temporary hemostasis Fibrin slowly dissolved by plasmin Cell growth and tissue repair Clot dissolves Intact blood vessel wall Figure 16-10 (17 of 17)

  33. Clotting Process Notice the multiple factors that play a role in platelet function Pay attention to the last two columns

  34. The Coagulation Cascade Intrinsic Pathway begins when collagen is exposed Extrinsic pathway is activated by damaged tissues Thrombin is need to created fibrin- the insoluble fibers create the clot. Positive feedback loops remain until a component is consumed Figure 16-12

  35. Coagulation and Fibrinolysis Clot formation is limited to prevent the entire blood content from coagulating. Figure 16-13

  36. Coagulation Know where along the pathway does each component play a role.

  37. Coagulation Pay attention to the source and last two columns

  38. www.nlm.nih.gov gslc.genetics.utah.edu/.../ABObloodsystem.gif

  39. Summary • Plasma and cellular elements • Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and megakaryocytes • Plasma proteins and their functions • Five types of white blood cells • Blood cell production • Hematopoiesis and cytokines • Red blood cell • Transferrin, ferritin, bilirubin, bile, and jaundice • Platelets and coagulation • Hemostasis, platelet plug, platelet adhesion, platelet aggregation, and fibrin • Coagulation cascade, fibrinogen, thrombin, plasmin, prostacyclin, and anticoagulants • Blood Typing

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