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Republic to Empire

Republic to Empire. In the Beginning. Romulus and Remus, twin sons of the god Mars Left by their “father” (Amulius) Left along the banks of the Tiber River Helped by a she-wolf Raised by a shepherd Built a city where shepherd found them

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Republic to Empire

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  1. Republic to Empire

  2. In the Beginning • Romulus and Remus, twin sons of the god Mars • Left by their “father” (Amulius) • Left along the banks of the Tiber River • Helped by a she-wolf • Raised by a shepherd • Built a city where shepherd found them • Romulus built a city wall, Remus mocked him saying it was too small • Romulus killed him in anger – named the city Rome after himself

  3. Geography • Peninsula of Italy located in the central Mediterranean Sea. • Apennine Mountains run like a backbone • Fertile plains along coasts and in the north. • Why is Italy easier to unify than Greece?

  4. Romans Settled in the Tiber River Valley Settled in the Southern portion of Italy and in Sicily Settled in Central Italy

  5. Define Republic:

  6. Roman Government • Republic • form of government in which power rests with citizens who have the right to vote • In Rome only free-born male adult citizens could vote. • Patricians- aristocratic landowners • Plebeians- common farmers, artists and merchants • Goal was to prevent any individual from gaining too much power. • What is this political term for this? • Checks and Balances

  7. Roman Government • Twelve Tables forced by the plebeians so that interpretation of laws were limited • Three “groups”: • Senate- 300 members • Consuls- rulers of Rome • Dictator- only in time of war

  8. Senate • Most powerful governing body. • 300 members (patrician class). • Served for life. • Jobs: • Issued decrees, interpreted laws, and elected consuls to rule.

  9. Consuls • Two consuls • Serve only 1-year terms. • Could “veto” acts of the other consul. • Veto means literally “I forbid” • Jobs: • Supervised the business of government. • Commanded armies

  10. Dictator • Chosen to rule absolutely in time of war. • Complete rule over country when in power.

  11. Family and Religion • Family • center of religion, morals and education. • Most important unit in Roman society. • “Family” – included unmarried children, married sons and families, all dependent relatives and family slaves. • Father was known as “paterfamililias” • Religion • Adopted and identified with the gods of Greeks. • Lares – ancestral spirits within the home. • Vesta – guardian of fire and the hearth of which family worship was focused..

  12. Questions: • What are the most notable geographic features of Italy? • How safe do you think Italy is from invasions? • How might Italy’s geographic position have contributed to its ability to expand into the Mediterranean?

  13. Roman Army Video Roman Expansion and Wars Info on army: Efficient and well-disciplined. Roman legion - 5,000 men Loyal, courageous Mixture of praise and punishment: Unit that fled a battle faced decimation (1 in 10 put to death)

  14. Conquering Lands and People • Profess loyalty to Rome. • Pay taxes and supply soldiers. • Some chose citizenship. • Soldiers occupied and posted in foreign lands. • Built roads to link provinces. • Locals began to adopt Roman language, customs and beliefs.

  15. Punic Wars

  16. First Punic War • Rome versus Carthage • Result of a trade rivalry. • Lasted 23 years • Rome victory gained: • Sicily, Corsica and Sardinia.

  17. Second Punic War • Revenge by Carthage • Carthaginians were led by Hannibal • He had 50,000 infantry/ 9,000 cavalry/ 60 elephants • Scipio defeats Hannibal at Zama and Carthage

  18. Punic Wars • Third Punic War • Devastation of Carthage • 50,000 sold in slavery

  19. Collapse of the Republic • Why did the Roman Republic decline? • Widening gap between rich and poor • Farmer-soldiers – dead livestock • Business/Landowners • acquired “equites” (Ek-wuh-teez) • Corruption of the wealthy • Slaves made up about 1/3 of population • Slave life: • Revolts led by Spartacus (73 B.C.) – dies in battle. • 6,000 slave followers executed by crucifixion.

  20. Collapse of the Republic • Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus (GRAK-uhs) • Twin brothers • They tried to help the poor • Strongly opposed • Died violent deaths • Civil War ensued after their deaths • Violence became primary tool in Roman politics.

  21. Julius Caesar • Formed a triumvirate (“rule of three) with Crassus and Pompey (military generals) • He ruled as consul for one year, then became governor of Gaul • During his rule of Gaul he won many battles that won him popularity back in Rome

  22. Julius Caesar • Crassus dies in battle • Pompey had become his rival, he asked the senate to order Caesar to disband his army and return home. • Crossing of the Rubicon (Jan 10 49 BC) • Caesar defied orders by marching across the Rubicon

  23. Julius Caesar By 44 BC Caesar become dictator for life • Expanded the senate – 900 members. • Reduced their power to advisory council. • Created jobs. • 365 ¼ day calendar.

  24. Ides of March • March 15 44 B.C. • Stabbed 23 times • Led by Gaius Cassius and Marcus Brutus • Famous last words “Et tu, Brute?”

  25. Caesar, Mark Antony, Cleopatra • Pompey fled to Egypt • Caesar followed him there. • Arrived to find him beheaded • While in Egypt Caesar met Cleopatra, he helped her to defeat her enemies • They fell in love, Cleopatra had a boy named Caesarion.

  26. Caesar, Mark Antony, Cleopatra • Cleopatra returned home after Caesar’s death • Later she would meet Mark Antony in Egypt • Mark Antony fell in love with Cleopatra. • They will produce twins together.

  27. Second Triumvirate • Second Triumvirate: • Octavian, Mark Antony and Lepidus.

  28. Octavian, Mark Antony, Cleopatra • Octavian-Grand-nephew of Ceasar was in charge of Rome • Mark Antony wanted to be sole ruler of Rome • He married and put Cleopatra in power, which angered Octavian • Antony was already married to Octavian’s sister

  29. Octavian and Mark Antony • Octavian persuades the senate to declare war on Antony • Eventually Octavian will defeat him at the Battle of Actium • Mark Antony and Cleopatra fled back to Egypt • While in Egypt Cleopatra spreads a rumor that she has committed suicide, Mark believes the rumor and kills himself • Cleopatra will follow realizing that she has lost control of Egypt

  30. Augustus • After the defeat of Antony and Cleopatra, Octavian becomes Augustus • “exalted one” • Will start the Pax Romana- Roman peace

  31. Caligula • Mentally disturbed • Assassinated after short brutal reign

  32. Nero • Good administrator but vicious • Murdered many • Persecuted Christians • Committed suicide

  33. Domitian • Ruled dictatorially • Feared treason everywhere and executed many • Assassinated

  34. Nerva • Began custom of adopting heir

  35. Trajan • Empire reached its greatest extent • Undertook vast building program • Enlarged social welfare

  36. Hadrian • Consolidated earlier conquests • Reorganized the bureaucracy

  37. Antonius Pius • Reign largely a period of peace and prosperity

  38. Marcus Aurelius • Brought empire to height of economic prosperity • Defeated invaders • Wrote philosophy

  39. Commodus • Brutal and incompetent • Called himself the “Roman Hercules” • Fought in many Gladiator battles

  40. Gladiators • Condemned criminals • Prisoners of war • Slaves • Free men

  41. Start of the Roman Collapse • Cost of defense • Inflation • Overworked soil • Disease

  42. Diocletian • Absolute ruler • Limited personal freedoms • Fixed prices • Persecuted Christians • Divided empire East (Greek) and West (Latin)

  43. Diocletian • He took eastern half, named a co-ruler • Would retire from power due to health • Civil war broke

  44. Constantine • Fought 3 others for control • When he gained control he re-established 1 ruler • Moved capital to Byzantium, later Constantinople

  45. Western Empire • Because of the capital being moved the west was open to invasions • Huns- Mongolian nomads • Germanic tribes- Franks, Burgundians, and Vandals

  46. Attila the Hun • Marched with 100,000 soldiers • Attacked over 70 cities on the way to Rome • He could not gain control of Constantinople • Pope Leo I helped

  47. Last Emperor • Romulus Augustulus was the last Roman Emperor • Overthrown by German general named Odoacer • The Eastern half lasted until 1453 when they were conquered by the Ottoman Turks

  48. Political Burden not reward Military interference Civil war Division of empire Moving of capital Social Decline interest in public affairs Disloyalty, lack of patriotism Rich v. poor Causes of Fall

  49. Economic Poor harvests Disruption of trade Inflation Tax burden Rich v. poor Military Threat from European tribes Low funds Problems recruiting Causes of Fall

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