Do Now:

1. Do Now: Grab Agenda 5:1 (Weebly or Out Box) If you are presenting today, get ready! Define “Science.” Come up with 3 characteristics that would categorize something as “science.”

2. Objective:The Scientific Revolution WHII.6a TSWDK of scientific, political, economic, and religious changes during the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries by describing the Scientific Revolution and its effects.

3. Science Define? 3 characteristics that would categorize something as “science.”

4. Science Systematic knowledge of the physical or material world gained through observation and experimentation. To consider: • Subject matter • Theories and hypotheses • Descriptions • Methods of observation and/or investigation

5. Scientific Revolution • Old Science • New Science

6. Old Science Before the 18th century… • Before the 19th century, what we call science was referred to as natural philosophy, and was to varying degrees entangled with moral philosophy, theology, numerology, and magic. • In the Middle Ages, the word “science” was used to mean “knowledge” in a generic sense.

7. Old Science By the 18th century… • In the early 18th century, one author stated that “the word ‘science’ is usually applied to a whole body of regular or methodical observations or propositions” about any subject. • By 1800, though science mostly meant just the theoretical study of nature, it had for a growing number become associated with specific ways of thought and methods that we would now consider scientific.

8. Old Science By the 19th century… • In the mid-19th century, the word “scientist” was first used to replace the earlier term “natural philosopher,” and “science” referred primarily to the, by then, well-differentiated fields of physics, chemistry, and biology.

9. Old Science Old Beliefs • A motionless earth was the center of the universe. It was surrounded by water, beyond which was an envelope of air, in turn ringed by fire. This realm was imperfect and changeable. In it, the four elements of earth, water, air, and fire existed everywhere as varied mixtures, with heavy earth and water constantly striving downwards and light air and fire striving to rise. The whole was enclosed, and air as well as fire stopped from escaping upwards, by a set of nested, concentric transparent heavenly spheres of crystal, the end of each touching the edge of the next (like an onion). The spheres moved around the earth, sliding against each other in a regular circular motion carrying with them the heavenly bodies, embedded in one of them: the moon, five planets, the sun (between Mars and Venus), and the fixed stars. Beyond these was the habitation of God and of saved souls.

10. Old Science Old Beliefs (continued) • Human life mirrored the physical universe, which deeply affected human affairs. Movements of heavenly bodies influenced what humans did and what happened to them. Parts of the body were “ruled” by planets and signs of the zodiac. Astrology, barely if at all distinguished from astronomy, was therefore enormously important in decision-making by rulers and commoners alike.

11. New Science Groundbreakers!

12. Nicolaus Copernicus When did he live? • 1473-1543 Which country was he from? • Poland What was he (occupation)? • (Renaissance) astronomer What is he famous for? • Developed heliocentric theory (the earth revolves around the sun) to replace the geocentric theory (the sun revolves around the earth)

13. Johannes Kepler When did he live? • 1571-1630 Which country was he from? • Germany What was he (occupation)? • Mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer What is he famous for? • Developed law of planetary motion – planets move in an ellipse around the sun.

14. Galileo Galilei When did he live? • 1564-1642 Which country was he from? • Italy What was he (occupation)? • Physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher What is he famous for? • Improved the telescope and proved heliocentric theory.

15. Isaac Newton When did he live? • 1642-1727 Which country was he from? • England What was he (occupation)? • Physicist, mathematician, astronomer, philosopher, alchemist, theologian What is he famous for? • Formulated law of gravity (proved Kepler’s law of planetary motion, which further proved heliocentricism).

16. William Harvey When did he live? • 1578-1657 Which country was he from? • England What was he (occupation)? • Physician What is he famous for? • Discovered the circulation of the blood – blood pumped through body by the heart.

17. Francis Bacon When did he live? • 1561-1626 Which country was he from? • England What was he (occupation)? • Philosopher, statesman, scientist, jurist, and author. What is he famous for? • Developed the scientific method, a way by which scientists come to conclusions about the world around them. Includes, observation, hypothesis, prediction, experimentation, conclusion.

18. Rene Descartes When did he live? • 1596-1650 Which country was he from? • France What was he (occupation)? • Philosopher and mathematician What is he famous for? • Father of Modern Philosophy

19. New Science Scientific Revolution • Era where development in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, medicine, and chemistry transformed views of society and nature. • Began toward the ends of the Renaissance (16th century) and continued through the late 18th century. • The term “scientific revolution” was first given currency in 1939. Historians continue to disagree about whether the changes in science centering on the 17th century can appropriately be called a “revolution.” Importance of the scientific revolution: • Emphasis on reason and systematic observation of nature • Formulation of scientific method • Expansion of scientific knowledge

20. Conclusion • The Scientific Revolution was an era of development in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, medicine, and chemistry. • With its emphasis on reasoned observation and systematic measurement, the Scientific Revolution changed the way people viewed the world and their place in it. Exit Question http://tinyurl.com/n2om6xn