Med Terms Ch. 5 - Cardiology

1. Med Terms Ch. 5 - Cardiology

2. Heart is located in the thoracic cavity, within the mediastinum. Other structures include the great vessels, thymus, trachea, and the esophagus. Welcome to the Cardiology!

3. The Cardiovascular (Circulatory) System Structures: Heart Blood Vessels (arteries, capillaries, and veins) Function: -Moves blood throughout the body -Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes in the blood.

4. Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System Heart: -Pumps blood throughout the body -Controlled by electrical signals from the brain Four chambers: 2 atria 2 ventricles Septum Myocardium (cardiac muscle) Valves

5. Figure 5-2 Surface of the heart

6. Figure 5-3 Chambers and valves of the heart

7. Heart Valves: 1. Tricuspid 2. Pulmonary 3. Mitral / Bicuspid 4. Aortic Chordae tendineae

8. Table 5-1 Layers and Membranes of the Heart

9. Figure 5-5 Layers and membranes of the heart

10. 2. Blood Vessels Function: Vascular channels through which blood flows in the body. Lined with endothelium, a smooth inner layer (intima) that promotes the flow of blood. Types: Arteries & Arterioles Capillaries Veins & Venules

11. Characteristics of Arteries: Always carry blood away from the heart to the body. They carry bright red blood that has a high level of oxygen. Exception: pulmonary arteries Most arteries lie deep beneath the skin. - All arteries have smooth muscle in their walls.

12. Figure 5-7 Vasoconstriction and vasodilation

13. Arteries of the Body: Coronary artery Carotid artery Subclavian artery Axillary artery (armpit) Brachial artery (upper arm) Radial artery (thumb side of the lower arm) Ulnar artery (little finger side of the lower arm) Aorta (thoracic and abdominal) Renal Iliac Femoral Popliteal Tibial Peroneal

14. Figure 5-10 Arteries in the body

15. Characteristics of Capillaries: -Smallest blood vessels in the body -The lumen of a capillary is so small that blood cells must pass through in single file.

16. Characteristics of Veins: - They carry blood from the body back to the heart. - They carry dark red-purple blood with a low level of oxygen. Exception: pulmonary veins. • Veins have valves. • Many veins are near the surface of the body; bluish; bulging lines.

17. Veins of the body: -Superior vena cava -Inferior vena cava -Jugular vein -Portal vein -Saphenous and femoral veins

18. Figure 5-8 Valves in a vein

19. Figure 5-9 Arteries and veins around the heart

20. Patterns of Circulation throughout the body: -Systemic circulation includes the arteries, capillaries, and veins everywhere in the body, except in the lungs. -Pulmonary circulation includes the arteries, capillaries, and veins going to, within, and coming from the lungs.

21. Figure 5-11 Circulation of the blood

22. Physiology of a Heartbeat The Heart contracts and relaxes in a regular rhythm coordinated by an electrical conduction system 1. Sinoatrial node (SA node), or pacemaker of the heart, initiates the electrical impulse that begins each heartbeat. 2. Atrioventricularnode (AV node) receives the impulse to contract from the SA node. -Purkinje fibers, a network of nerves, cause both ventricles to contract simultaneously

23. Figure 5-12 Conduction system of the heart

24. Pacemaker • Abnormal heartbeats can be controlled by an artificial pacemaker that is run on batteries

25. Heartbeat • Each heartbeat is called a cardiac cycle: two atria contract then two ventricles contract (systole), and the entire heart relaxes (diastole) • A normal heart beats 70 times per minute.

26. Electrocardiogram (ECG orEKG) • A test that records the electrical activity of the heart. • The P wave represents contraction (systole) of the atria. • The QRS waverepresents the contraction of the ventricles. • The T wave represents the relaxation of the heart muscle (diastole). Question: What are some problems associated with the Sinoatrial Node? How can it be fixed?

28. Diseases and ConditionsStart of Test 2 Material Myocardium: -Acute coronary syndrome -Angina pectoris -Cardiomegaly

29. -Cardiomyopathy -Congestive heart failure (CHF) -Myocardial infarction (MI)

30. Heart Valves and Layers of the Heart: -Endocarditis -Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) -Murmur -Pericarditis -Rheumatic heart disease

31. Figure 5-15 Vegetation on the mitral valve Abrahas/Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.

32. Conduction System: -Arrhythmia -Bradycardia -Fibrillation -Flutter -Heart block

33. Figure 5-16 Arrhythmias on an EKG tracing

34. -Premature contraction -Sick sinus syndrome -Tachycardia -Asystole -Palpitation

35. Blood Vessels: -Aneurysm -Arteriosclerosis -Bruit -Coronary artery disease (CAD)

36. -Hyperlipidemia -Hypertension (HTN) -Hypotension -Peripheral artery disease (PAD)

38. Figure 5-27 An aneurysm (b) Michael English, M.D./Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.

39. Figure 5-18 Mild atheromatous plaque SIU BioMed/Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.

40. Figure 5-19 Severe atherosclerotic plaque in an artery C. Abrahams, M.D./Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.

41. -Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) -Phlebitis -Raynaud’s disease -Varicose veins

42. Figure 5-23 Severe varicose veins in the leg SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.

43. Laboratory and Diagnostic Procedures Blood Tests: -Cardiac enzymes -C-reactive protein (CRP) -Homocysteine -Lipid profile -Troponin

44. Diagnostic Heart Procedures: -Cardiac catheterization -Cardiac exercise stress test -Electrocardiography (ECG, EKG) -Electrophysiologic study (EPS)

45. Figure 5-22 Electrocardiography Jupiter Images – PictureArts Corporation/Brand X Pictures-Royalty Free

46. Figure 5-23 An EKG tracing

47. -Holter monitor -Pharmacologic stress test -Telemetry

48. Figure 5-21 Treadmill exercise stress test Fotopic/Miles Simons/Phototake NYC

49. Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Procedures: -Angiography -Echocardiography

50. Figure 5-24 Echocardiogram Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.