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Tourism’s past as a lens to the future

Tourism’s past as a lens to the future. Where have we come in 30 years?. Matthew stone, Phd , CMP. California State University, Chico. The Inspiration. Tourism’s Top Twenty 1984 Edition. Remember When?. Remember When?. Remember When?. What am I trying to compare?. TOP 20 AIRLINES (Pax).

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Tourism’s past as a lens to the future

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  1. Tourism’s past as a lens to the future Where have we come in 30 years? Matthew stone, Phd, CMP California State University, Chico

  2. The Inspiration

  3. Tourism’s Top Twenty1984 Edition

  4. Remember When?

  5. Remember When?

  6. Remember When?

  7. What am I trying to compare?

  8. TOP 20 AIRLINES (Pax) THEN • 11 Saudi Arabian 11.1 m • 12 Air Canada 10.2 m • 13 Scandinavian SAS 9.4 m • 14 Mexicana 7.8 m • 15 Alitalia 7.4 m • 16 Air Canada 7.4 m • 17 Indian 6.1 m • 18 Aeromexico 5.9 m • 19 Olympic 5.8 m • 20 Garuda 4.8 m • 1 United 38.1 m • 2 Eastern 37.0 m • 3 American 31.4 m • 4 Trans World 18.8 m • 5 British Airways 14.1 m • 6 Pan American 14.1 m • 7 Japan Airlines 13.6 m • 8 Lufthansa 13.1 m • 9 Iberia 12.9 m • 10 Air France 11.7 m 1983 / World Air Transport Statistics 1983, International Air Transport Association

  9. TOP 20 AIRLINES (Pax) THEN North American / European • 11 Saudi Arabian 11.1 m • 12 Air Canada 10.2 m • 13 Scandinavian SAS 9.4 m • 14 Mexicana 7.8 m • 15 Alitalia 7.4 m • 16 Air Canada 7.4 m • 17 Indian 6.1 m • 18 Aeromexico 5.9 m • 19 Olympic 5.8 m • 20 Garuda 4.8 m • 1 United 38.1 m • 2 Eastern 37.0 m • 3 American 31.4 m • 4 Trans World 18.8 m • 5 British Airways 14.1 m • 6 Pan American 14.1 m • 7 Japan Airlines 13.6 m • 8 Lufthansa 13.1 m • 9 Iberia 12.9 m • 10 Air France 11.7 m 1983 / World Air Transport Statistics 1983, International Air Transport Association

  10. TOP 20 AIRLINES (Pax) NOW • 11 LATAM Group 63.7 m • 12 Lufthansa 63.6 m • 13 Emirates 57.0 m • 14 All Nippon Airways 49.2 m • 15 British Airways 47.4 m • 16 Air Canada 47.8 m • 17 IndiGo 41.5 m • 18 Air France 43.4 m • 19 Aeroflot 40.3 m • 20 Japan Airlines 36.5 m • 1 American Airlines 197.3 m • 2 Delta 183.3 m • 3 United 152.0 m • 4 Southwest 151.0 m • 5 Ryanair 119.1 m • 6 China Southern 86.6 m • 7 China Eastern 81.2 m • 8 easyJet 72.7 m • 9 Turkish Airlines 64.6 m • 10 Air China 61.6 m #1 in 1983: United 38.1 m 12 months ended September 2017 / Source: OAG take-off

  11. TOP 20 AIRLINES (Pax) NOW North American / European • 11 LATAM Group 63.7 m • 12 Lufthansa 63.6 m • 13 Emirates 57.0 m • 14 All Nippon Airways 49.2 m • 15 British Airways 47.4 m • 16 Air Canada 47.8 m • 17 IndiGo 41.5 m • 18 Air France 43.4 m • 19 Aeroflot 40.3 m • 20 Japan Airlines 36.5 m • 1 American Airlines 197.3 m • 2 Delta 183.3 m • 3 United 152.0 m • 4 Southwest 151.0 m • 5 Ryanair 119.1 m • 6 China Southern 86.6 m • 7 China Eastern 81.2 m • 8 easyJet 72.7 m • 9 Turkish Airlines 64.6 m • 10 Air China 61.6 m 12 months ended September 2017 / Source: OAG take-off

  12. TOP 20 AIRLINES (Pax) THEN NOW side by side • 1 American Airlines 197.3 m • 2 Delta 183.3 m • 3 United 152.0 m • 4 Southwest 151.0 m • 5 Ryanair 119.1 m • 6 China Southern 86.6 m • 7 China Eastern 81.2 m • 8 easyJet 72.7 m • 9 Turkish Airlines 64.6 m • 10 Air China 61.6 m • 1 United 38.1 m • 2 Eastern 37.0 m • 3 American 31.4 m • 4 Trans World 18.8 m • 5 British Airways 14.1 m • 6 Pan American 14.1 m • 7 Japan Airlines 13.6 m • 8 Lufthansa 13.1 m • 9 Iberia 12.9 m • 10 Air France 11.7 m

  13. TOP 20 U.S. Airlines (Pax) THEN • 11 Western 11.2 m • 12 Southwest 10.8 m • 13 Continental 10.0 m • 14 PSA 8.1 m • 15 People Express 6.4 m • 16 Frontier 6.3 m • 17 Ozark 4.8 m • 18 Air Cal 3.6 m • 19 Hawaiian 2.7 m • 20 Aloha 2.1 m • 1 United 37.8 m • 2 Eastern 37.0 m • 3 Delta 36.8 m • 4 American 31.4 m • 5 Trans World 18.6 m • 6 Republic 17.7 m • 7 US Air 16.2 m • 8 Pan American 14.1 m • 9 Northwest 12.7 m • 10 Piedmont 11.7 m 1983 / Air Transport 1984, Air Transport Association of America

  14. TOP 10 U.S. Airlines (Pax) NOW • 1 Southwest 151.7 m • 2 American 144.1 m • 3 Delta 143.1 m • 4 United 100.1 m • 5 JetBlue 38.2 m • 6 SkyWest 31.2 m • 7 Alaska 24.4 m • 8 ExpressJet 22.1 m • 9 Spirit 21.0 m • 10 Frontier 14.8 m Look at this gap! #1 in 1983: United 37.8 m 2016 enplanements /Bureau of Transportation Statistics https://www.bts.gov/newsroom/corrected-bts-statistics-release-2016-traffic-data-us-airlines-and-foreign-airlines-us

  15. TOP 10 U.S. Airlines THEN NOW side by side • 1 United 37.8 m • 2 Eastern 37.0 m • 3 Delta 36.8 m • 4 American 31.4 m • 5 Trans World 18.6 m • 6 Republic 17.7 m • 7 US Air 16.2 m • 8 Pan American 14.1 m • 9 Northwest 12.7 m • 10 Piedmont 11.7 m • 1 Southwest 151.7 m • 2 American 144.1 m • 3 Delta 143.1 m • 4 United 100.1 m • 5 JetBlue 38.2 m • 6 SkyWest 31.2 m • 7 Alaska 24.4 m • 8 ExpressJet 22.1 m • 9 Spirit 21.0 m • 10 Frontier 14.8 m

  16. TOP 20 HOTEL “CHAINS” (# rooms) THEN Would rank #10 in 2017 • 11 Club Med 46,800 • 12 Novotel SIEH 46,300 • 13 Days Inns of America 45,500 • 14 Intourist (USSR) 41,600 • 15 Intercontinental 39,500 • 16 Motel 6 37,700 • 17 Hyatt Hotels 37,000 • 18 Hilton International 33,000 • 19 Westin Hotels 27,300 • 20 HotelesAgrupados (Spain) 19,400 • 1 Holiday Inns 312,400 • 2 Best Western ** 220,900 • 3 Sheraton 118,600 • 4 Ramada Inns 95,200 • 5 Hilton Hotels 85,400 • 6 Trusthouse Forte (UK) 74,600 • 7 Balkantourist (Bulgaria) 61,200 • 8 Howard Johnson 60,300 • 9 Quality International 53,400 • 10 Marriott 48, 400 **Best Western is a consortium. Other consortiums excluded. 1983 / Hotels & Restaurants International

  17. TOP 20 HOTEL “CHAINS” (# rooms) NOW • 1 Marriott International 1,165,700 • 2 Hilton 796,000 • 3 IHG (Intercontinental) 767,000 • 4 Wyndham Hotel Group 698,000 • 5 Shanghai Jin Jiang 602,000 • 6 AccorHotels 583,000 • 7 Choice Hotels 516,000 • 8 BTG Homeinns (China) 374,000 • 9 China Lodging Group 331,000 • 10 Best Western ** 293,000 • 11 HINA Hospitality (China) 229,000 • 12 Hyatt Hotels 177,100 • 13 GreenTree Inns (China) 173,000 • 14 G6 Hospitality 125,000 • 15 Magnuson Hotels 103,000 • 16 Melia Hotels 96,000 • 17 Westmont Hospitality 92,000 • 18 LaQuinta Inns & Suites 87,000 • 19 Interstate Hotels (IHR) 76,200 • 20 Vienna Hotels (China) 73,500 **Consortium. Other consortiums excluded. Includes management companies. July/August 2017 / Hotels Magazine

  18. TOP 20 HOTEL “CHAINS” (# rooms) NOW • 1 Marriott International 1,165,700 • 2 Hilton 796,000 • 3 IHG (Intercontinental) 767,000 • 4 Wyndham Hotel Group 698,000 • 5 Shanghai Jin Jiang 602,000 • 6 AccorHotels 583,000 • 7 Choice Hotels 516,000 • 8 BTG Homeinns (China) 374,000 • 9 China Lodging Group 331,000 • 10 Best Western ** 293,000 • 11 HINA Hospitality (China) 229,000 • 12 Hyatt Hotels 177,100 • 13 GreenTree Inns (China) 173,000 • 14 G6 Hospitality 125,000 • 15 Magnuson Hotels 103,000 • 16 Melia Hotels 96,000 • 17 Westmont Hospitality 92,000 • 18 LaQuinta Inns & Suites 87,000 • 19 Interstate Hotels (IHR) 76,200 • 20 Vienna Hotels (China) 73,500 #1 in 1983: Holiday Inns 312,000 **Consortium. Other consortiums excluded. Includes management companies. July/August 2017 / Hotels Magazine

  19. TOP 20 HOTEL “CHAINS” THEN NOW side by side • 1 Holiday Inns 312,400 • 2 Best Western ** 220,900 • 3 Sheraton 118,600 • 4 Ramada Inns 95,200 • 5 Hilton Hotels 85,400 • 6 Trusthouse Forte (UK) 74,600 • 7 Balkantourist (Bulgaria) 61,200 • 8 Howard Johnson 60,300 • 9 Quality International 53,400 • 10 Marriott 48, 400 • 1 Marriott International 1,165,700 • 2 Hilton 796,000 • 3 IHG (Intercontinental) 767,000 • 4 Wyndham Hotel Group 698,000 • 5 Shanghai Jin Jiang 602,000 • 6 AccorHotels 583,000 • 7 Choice Hotels 516,000 • 8 BTG Homeinns (China) 374,000 • 9 China Lodging Group 331,000 • 10 Best Western ** 293,000

  20. TOP 20 Recreation Visits THEN • 11 Cape Cod Seashore 4.6 m • 12 Acadia NP 4.1 m • 13 Gulf Island Seashore 4.1 m • 14 Valley Forge NHP 3.4 m • 15 Lincoln Memorial 3.4 m • 16 JFK Center / Arts (NYC) 3.3 m • 17 Jefferson Mem (St. Louis) 3.0 m • 18 Rocky Mountain NP 2.6 m • 19 Yosemite NP 2.5 m • 20 Olympic NP 2.4 m • 1 Golden Gate NRA 17.6 m • 2 Blue Ridge Parkway 15.2 m • 3 Natchez Trace Parkway 12.8 m • 4 Gateway NRA 10.3 m • 5 Geo Washington Mem Pkwy 8.6 m • 6 Great Smoky Mtns NP 8.4 m • 7 National Capitol Parks 6.3 m • 8 C & O Canal NHP 6.2 m • 9 Lake Mead NRA 5.9 m • 10 Independence NHP (PA) 4.8 m National Park Service 1983 / National Park Statistical Abstract

  21. TOP 20 Recreation Visits THEN 4.1 m • 11 Cape Cod Seashore 4.6 m • 12 Acadia NP 4.1 m • 13 Gulf Island Seashore 4.1 m • 14 Valley Forge NHP 3.4 m • 15 Lincoln Memorial 3.4 m • 16 JFK Center / Arts (NYC) 3.3 m • 17 Jefferson Mem (St. Louis) 3.0 m • 18 Rocky Mountain NP 2.6 m • 19 Yosemite NP 2.5 m • 20 Olympic NP 2.4 m 3.5 m • 1 Golden Gate NRA 17.6 m • 2 Blue Ridge Parkway 15.2 m • 3 Natchez Trace Parkway 12.8 m • 4 Gateway NRA 10.3 m • 5 Geo Washington Mem Pkwy 8.6 m • 6 Great Smoky Mtns NP 8.4 m • 7 National Capitol Parks 6.3 m • 8 C & O Canal NHP 6.2 m • 9 Lake Mead NRA 5.9 m • 10 Independence NHP (PA) 4.8 m 8.0 m 11.4 m 4.4 m 7.9 m 4.3 m 3.4 m National Park Service 1983 / National Park Statistical Abstract

  22. TOP 10 Recreation Visits NOW TOP 10 National Parks • 1 Great Smoky Mtns NP 11.4 m • 2 Grand Canyon NP 6.3 m • 3 Zion NP 4.5 m • 4 Rocky Mountain NP 4.4 m • 5 Yosemite NP 4.4 m • 6 Yellowstone NP 4.1 m • 7 Acadia NP 3.5 m • 8 Olympic NP 3.4 m • 9 Grand Teton NP 3.3 m • 10 Glacier NP 3.3 m • 1 Blue Ridge Parkway 16.1 m • 2 Golden Gate NRA 15.0 m • 3 Great Smoky Mtns NP 11.4 m • 4 Gateway NRA 9.1 m • 5 Lincoln Memorial 8.0 m • 6 Lake Mead NRA 7.9 m • 7 Geo Washington Mem Pkwy 7.6 m • 8 Natchez Trace Parkway 6.3 m • 9 Grand Canyon NP 6.3 m • 10 Vietnam Vet Mem (DC) 5.1 m National Park Service 2017 / NPS News Release February 28, 2018

  23. TOP 20 Recreation Visits THEN + 2017 top 10 National Parks Zion 4.5 m • 11 Cape Cod Seashore 4.6 m • 12 Acadia NP 4.1 m • 13 Gulf Island Seashore 4.1 m • 14 Valley Forge NHP 3.4 m • 15 Lincoln Memorial 3.4 m • 16 JFK Center / Arts (NYC) 3.3 m • 17 Jefferson Mem (St. Louis) 3.0 m • 18 Rocky Mountain NP 2.6 m • 19 Yosemite NP 2.5 m • 20 Olympic NP 2.4 m Rocky Mountan 4.4m Yosemite 4.4 m • 1 Golden Gate NRA 17.6 m • 2 Blue Ridge Parkway 15.2 m • 3 Natchez Trace Parkway 12.8 m • 4 Gateway NRA 10.3 m • 5 Geo Washington Mem Pkwy 8.6 m • 6 Great Smoky Mtns NP 8.4 m • 7 National Capitol Parks 6.3 m • 8 C & O Canal NHP 6.2 m • 9 Lake Mead NRA 5.9 m • 10 Independence NHP (PA) 4.8 m Great Smoky Mountains 11.4m Yellowstone 4.1 m Acadia 3.5 m Olympic 3.4 m Grand Canyon 6.3 m Grand Teton 3.3 m Glacier 3.3 m National Park Service 1983 / National Park Statistical Abstract

  24. TOP 20 Travel Advertisers THEN • 11 Trans World Airlines • 12 Virgin Islands • 13 Sheraton Hotels • 14 Avis Rent-a-Car • 15 Hilton Hotels • 16 Hertz Car Rental • 17 Lufthansa Airlines • 18 Diners Club Credit Card • 19 Visa Charge Card • 20 Ontario • 1 American Express Card • 2 Eastern Airlines • 3 Holiday Inns • 4 Hyatt Hotels • 5 American Express Gold Bank Card • 6 Canadian Government • 7 Amtrak • 8 Visa Credit Card & Travelers Checks • 9 National Car Rental • 10 Bermuda In Magazines 1982 / Newsweek

  25. TOP 20 Travel Advertisers NOW Total $$ Spend • 11 Delta (#168) • 12 Southwest (#179) • 13 Norwegian Cruise Lines (#184) • 14 Royal Caribbean Cruises (#197) • 15 United Airlines (#198) • Rank among top 100 advertisers • Companies only • Excludes bank credit cards • 1 American Express (#7) • 2 Walt Disney (#16) • 3 Expedia (#25) • 4 Priceline Group (#96) • 5 Visa (#97) • 6 Marriott (#101) • 7 Hilton (#107) • 8 Mastercard (#147) • 9 Liberty TripAdvisor (#150) • 10 Carnival Corp. (#153) June 26, 2017 / Advertising Age

  26. TOP 20 Travel Advertisers NOW Paid Search Clicks • 11 Justfly.com • 12 Mapquest.com • 13 Travelzoo.com • 14 Trivago.com • 15 Priceline.com • 16 Orbitz.com • 17 Smartfares.com • 18 Bookit.com • Data likely changes often • 1 Expedia.com • 2 Kayak.com • 3 Cheapoair.com • 4 Hotels.com • 5 Onetravel.com • 6 Tripadvisor.com • 7 Booking.com • 8 Cheaptickets.com • 9 Bookingbuddy.com • 10 Vegas.com KantarMedia January-April 2016

  27. TOP 10 U.S. Airports (# pax) THEN NOW • 1 Atlanta 50.4 m • 2 LAX 39.6 m • 3 O’Hare 37.4 m • 4 Dallas Fort Worth 31.3 m • 5 JFK (New York) 29.1 m • 6 Denver 28.2 m • 7 San Francisco 25.7 m • 8 Las Vegas 22.7 m • 9 Seattle 21.8 m • 10 Charlotte 21.4 m • 1 O’Hare 42.9 m • 2 Atlanta 37.9 m • 3 LAX 33.4 m • 4 JFK (New York) 27.9 m • 5 Dallas Fort Worth 26.8 m • 6 Denver (Stapleton) 25.2 m • 7 San Francisco 23.2 m • 8 Miami 19.3 m • 9 La Guardia 18.8 m • 10 Boston Logan 17.8 m 1983, Worldwide Airport Traffic Report, Airport Operators Council 2016, Bureau of Transportation Statistics

  28. TOP 20 World Airports (# pax) THEN • 11 Boston Logan 17.8 m • 12 Newark 17.4 m • 13 Frankfurt 17.0 m • 14 Osaka 16.3 m • 15 Orly (Paris) 16.3 m • 16 St. Louis 16.2 m • 17 Honolulu 15.3 m • 18 Washington DCA 14.2 m • 19 Toronto 13.7 m • 20 De Gaulle (Paris) 13.4 m • 1 O’Hare 42.9 m • 2 Atlanta 37.9 m • 3 LAX 33.4 m • 4 JFK (New York) 27.9 m • 5 Dallas Fort Worth 26.8 m • 6 Heathrow (London) 26.7 m • 7 Denver (Stapleton) 25.2 m • 8 San Francisco 23.2 m • 9 Miami 19.3 m • 10 La Guardia 18.8 m 1983, Worldwide Airport Traffic Report, Airport Operators Council

  29. TOP 20 World Airports (# pax) THEN • 11 Boston Logan 17.8 m • 12 Newark 17.4 m • 13 Frankfurt 17.0 m • 14 Osaka 16.3 m • 15 Orly (Paris) 16.3 m • 16 St. Louis 16.2 m • 17 Honolulu 15.3 m • 18 Washington DCA 14.2 m • 19 Toronto 13.7 m • 20 De Gaulle (Paris) 13.4 m • 1 O’Hare 42.9 m • 2 Atlanta 37.9 m • 3 LAX 33.4 m • 4 JFK (New York) 27.9 m • 5 Dallas Fort Worth 26.8 m • 6 Heathrow (London) 26.7 m • 7 Denver (Stapleton) 25.2 m • 8 San Francisco 23.2 m • 9 Miami 19.3 m • 10 La Guardia 18.8 m 1983, Worldwide Airport Traffic Report, Airport Operators Council

  30. TOP 20 World Airports (# pax…planing & deplaning) NOW • 11 Amsterdam 68.5 m • 12 Dallas Fort Worth 67.0 m • 13 Guangzhou 65.9 m • 14 Frankfurt 64.5 m • 15 Istanbul 63.9 m • 16 New Delhi 63.5 m • 17 Jakarta 63.0 m • 18 Singapore 62.2 m • 19 Incheon Seoul 62.2 m • 20 Denver 61.4 m • 1 Atlanta 103.9 m • 2 Beijing 95.8 m • 3 Dubai 88.2 m • 4 Tokyo 85.4 m • 5 LAX 84.6 m • 6 O’Hare 79.8 m • 7 London 78.0 m • 8 Hong Kong 72.7 m • 9 Shanghai 70.0 m • 10 De Gaulle (Paris) 69.5 m 2017 Airports Council International (http://www.aci.aero/News/Releases/Most-Recent/2018/04/09/ACI-World-releases-preliminary-2017-world-airport-traffic-rankings--Passenger-traffic-Indian-and-Chinese-airports-major-contributors-to-growth---Air-cargo-Volumes-surge-at-major-hubs-as-trade-wars-threaten-)

  31. TOP 20 World Airports (# pax…planing & deplaning) NOW • 11 Amsterdam 68.5 m • 12 Dallas Fort Worth 67.0 m • 13 Guangzhou 65.9 m • 14 Frankfurt 64.5 m • 15 Istanbul 63.9 m • 16 New Delhi 63.5 m • 17 Jakarta 63.0 m • 18 Singapore 62.2 m • 19 Incheon Seoul 62.2 m • 20 Denver 61.4 m • 1 Atlanta 103.9 m • 2 Beijing 95.8 m • 3 Dubai 88.2 m • 4 Tokyo 85.4 m • 5 LAX 84.6 m • 6 O’Hare 79.8 m • 7 London 78.0 m • 8 Hong Kong 72.7 m • 9 Shanghai 70.0 m • 10 De Gaulle (Paris) 69.5 m 2017 Airports Council International (http://www.aci.aero/News/Releases/Most-Recent/2018/04/09/ACI-World-releases-preliminary-2017-world-airport-traffic-rankings--Passenger-traffic-Indian-and-Chinese-airports-major-contributors-to-growth---Air-cargo-Volumes-surge-at-major-hubs-as-trade-wars-threaten-)

  32. TOP U.S. Theme Parks THEN • 1 Walt Disney World 13.8m • 2 Disneyland 11.5 m • 3 Universal Studios Tour 3.8 m • 4 Knotts Berry Farm 3.7 m 1979-81 Estimates (Higher of Estimated Range) Economic Consulting Services

  33. TOP U.S. Theme Parks THEN NOW side by side • 1 Walt Disney World 13.8 m • 2 Disneyland 11.5 m • 3 Universal Studios Tour 3.8 m • 4 Knotts Berry Farm 3.7 m • 1 Magic Kingdom 20.5 m • 2 Disneyland 17.9 m • 3 Tokyo Disneyland 16.5 m • 4 Universal Studios Japan 14.5 m • 5 Tokyo DisneySea 13.5 m • 6 Epcot 11.7 m • 7 Disney Animal Kingdom 10.8 m • 8 Disney Hollywood Studio 10.8 m • 9 Universal Studios Florida 10.0 m • 10 Universal Islands/Adventure 9.4 m 4.0 m Over 53m at Disney’s Florida Parks TEA / AECOM 2016 Global Attractions Attendance Report

  34. State Travel Office Expenditures THEN • 1 Florida $9 m • 2 New York $8 m • 3 Pennsylvania $7 m • 4 Alaska $7 m • 5 Michigan $7 m Survey of State Travel Offices, 1983-84, US Travel Data Center

  35. State Travel Office Expenditures THEN NOW side by side • 1 Florida $9 m • 2 New York $8 m • 3 Pennsylvania $7 m • 4 Alaska $7 m • 5 Michigan $7 m • 1 California $117 m • 2 Hawaii $87 m • 3 Florida $86 m • 4 Illinois $53 m • 5 Texas $46 m USTA (Thanks, Byron Marlowe!)

  36. States by Licensed Drivers THEN • 1 California 16.4 m • 2 Texas 10.1 m • 3 New York 9.3 m • 4 Florida 7.9 m • 5 Pennsylvania 7.4 m • 6 Illinois 6.9 m • 7 Michigan 6.5 m • 8 Ohio 5.9 m • 9 New Jersey 5.3 m • 10 North Carolina 3.9 m NVMA Motor Vvehicle Facts & Figures, 1983

  37. States by Licensed Drivers THEN NOW side by side • 1 California 16.4 m • 2 Texas 10.1 m • 3 New York 9.3 m • 4 Florida 7.9 m • 5 Pennsylvania 7.4 m • 6 Illinois 6.9 m • 7 Michigan 6.5 m • 8 Ohio 5.9 m • 9 New Jersey 5.3 m • 10 North Carolina 3.9 m +10 m +5 m • 1 California 26.2 m • 2 Texas 15.9 m • 3 Florida 14.7 m • 4 New York 11.9 m • 5 Pennsylvania 9.0 m • 6 Illinois 8.5 m • 7 Ohio 8.0 m • 8 North Carolina 7.3 m • 9 Michigan 7.1 m • 10 Georgia 7.0 m +7 m

  38. What does it mean?

  39. Matthew stone mjstone@csuchico.edu

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