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Bell Ringer

Bell Ringer. Summarize what occurred on the Eastern Front. Chapter 29: The Great War, 1914 - 1918. Section 3 – A Global Conflict. War Affects the World.

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Bell Ringer

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  1. Bell Ringer • Summarize what occurred on the Eastern Front.

  2. Chapter 29: The Great War, 1914 - 1918 Section 3 – A Global Conflict

  3. War Affects the World • As the war dragged on, the combatants looked beyond Europe for a way to end the stalemate. None of the alliances they formed or new battlefronts they opened did much to end the slow and grinding war.

  4. War Affects the World The Gallipoli Campaign • A promising strategy for the Allies seemed to be to attack a region in the Ottoman Empire known as the Dardanelles • The Allies believed they could take Constantinople and establish a supply line to Russia • Began in February 1915 and was known as the Gallipoli campaign • By May, the region turned into another stalemate • By December, the Allies gave up and began to evacuate

  5. War Affects the World • American Joins the Fight • In 1917, the focus of the war shifted to the high seas with Germany announcing that their submarines would sink without warning any ship in the waters around Britain • The policy was called unrestricted submarine warfare • Germany had tried this policy before • On May 7, 1915, a German U-boat sunk the British passenger ship Lusitania • Killed 1,198 people, including 128 Americans • Germany claimed the boat was carrying ammunition • Turned out to be true • The American public was outraged and President Woodrow Wilson sent a strong protest to Germany

  6. War Affects the World • After 2 further attacks, the Germans finally agreed to stop attacking neutral and passenger ships • Desperate for an advantage over the Allies, Germany went back to unrestricted submarine warfare in 1917 • Knew it might lead to war with the United States • Gambled that their naval blockade would starve Britain into defeat before the United States could mobilize • Ignoring warnings by President Wilson, German U-boats sank 3 more American ships

  7. War Affects the World • In February 1917, another German action pushed the United States closer to war • Officials intercepted a telegram written by Germany stating that Germany would help Mexico “reconquer” the land it lost to the United States if Mexico would ally itself with Germany • Proved to be the last straw and on April 2, 1917 President Wilson asked Congress to declare war on Germany

  8. War Affects the Home Front • By the time the United States joined the Allies, the war had been raging for 3 years. Europe had lost more men in battle than in all the wars of the previous 3 centuries. The Great War affected everyone, from the soldiers in the trenches to the civilians.

  9. War Affects the Home Front • Governments Wage Total War • World War 1 soon became a total war • Means that countries devote all their resources to the war • In each country, government took control of the economy • Told factories what to produce and how much • Every able-bodied civilian was put to work • Many goods were in short supply so governments turned to rationing • People could only buy small amounts of items that were needed for the war effort • Governments also suppressed anti-war activities • Censured news about the war, fearing honest reporting would turn people against it • Used propaganda to keep up morale and support for the war

  10. War Affects the Home Front Women and the War • Governments turned to help from women as never before • Women replaced men in factories, offices and shops • Women built tanks and munitions, plowed fields, paved streets and ran hospitals • Also kept troops supplied with food, clothing and weapons • Although many women left the work force when the war ended, they changed many people’s views of what women were capable of doing • Women also saw the horrors of war firsthand, working on or near the first lines as nurses

  11. Bell Ringer • What prompted the US to join the war? • Define total war.

  12. The Allies Win the War • With the United States finally in the war, the balance tipped in the Allies favor. Before that happened, events in Russia gave Germany a victory on the Eastern Front and new hope for winning.

  13. The Allies Win the War Russia Withdraws • In March 1917, civil unrest in Russia due to war-related shortage of food and fuel forced Czar Nicholas to step down • A provisional government pledged to continue fighting • By 1917, nearly 5.5 million Russian soldiers had been wounded, killed or taken prisoner • As a result, the Russian army refused to fight any longer • 8 months after the new government took over, a revolution shook Russia • In November 1917, Communist leader Vladimir Lenin seized power • Insisted on ending his country’s involvement in the war • Offered Germany a truce • In March 1918, Germany and Russia signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, ending the war between them

  14. The Allies Win the War The Central Powers Collapse • Russia’s withdrawal allowed Germany to send nearly all its forces to the Western Front • In March 1918, the Germans mounted one final, massive attack on the Allies in France • By May 1918, German forces had once again reached the outskirts of Paris • By this time, the German military had weakened • Sensing the weakness, the Allies, with the aid of fresh U.S. troops, launched a counterattack • In July 1918, the Allies smashed through German lines and steadily advanced toward Germany

  15. The Allies Win the War • Soon, Central Powers began to crumble • In October, revolution swept through Austria-Hungary • In Germany, soldiers mutinied and the public turned on the Kaiser • On November 9, 1918, Kaiser Wilhelm II stepped down • Germany declared itself a republic • A representative of the new German government met with the French commander in a railway car near Paris • Signed an armistice, or an agreement to stop fighting • On November 11, 1918, World War 1 came to an end

  16. The Legacy of the War • World War 1 was a new kind of war • Involved the use of new technologies • Ushered in the notion of war on a grand and global scale • Left behind a landscape of death and destruction • Both sides paid a tremendous price in terms of human life • About 8.5 million soldiers died as a result of the war • Another 21 million were wounded • The war led to the death of countless civilians by starvation, disease and slaughter

  17. The Legacy of the War • The war also had a devastating economic impact • One account put the total cost of the war at $338 billion • The war also destroyed acres of farmland as well as homes, village and towns

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