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Psyc 3533: Sexual Behaviour

Psyc 3533: Sexual Behaviour. Midterm 1 Tutorial. Chapter 1. Sex = Male/Female Gender is a socio-cultural construct Sexual behaviour includes: Thoughts Feelings Actions (sex) Sensual ≠ Sexual Pleasure through sensory input. Chapter 1. Christian view of sex: Women inferior

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Psyc 3533: Sexual Behaviour

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  1. Psyc 3533: Sexual Behaviour Midterm 1 Tutorial

  2. Chapter 1 • Sex = Male/Female • Gender is a socio-cultural construct • Sexual behaviour includes: • Thoughts • Feelings • Actions (sex) • Sensual ≠ Sexual • Pleasure through sensory input

  3. Chapter 1 • Christian view of sex: • Women inferior • Positive at first (400 years) • Jesus probably was married • Apostles all married • All priests married • 5th century: drive for celibacy for heads of the church • St. Augustine declared sexual pleasure evil, women temptresses

  4. Chapter 1 • Christian view of sex (Cont’d) • Many restrictions in married sex: • Instilled shame and guilt • For common people sex OK • Only for procreation but mustn’t feel pleasure! (sin) • Penitence and fines • Role model for women: Virgin Mary • Immaculate conception • Attracted misogynists to the church • Hatred of or contempt for women or girls

  5. Chapter 1 • Medicalization of Sex • Pharmaceuticals • Pills, suppositories, lotions, creams, etc. • Identification of “medical” problems • Millions affected. • Reducing sex to a “hydraulic response in a few inches of men’s anatomy”.

  6. Chapter 1 • Koro syndrome • Far East countries • Young men convinced that genitals shrinking and retracting into abdomen • Fatal trajectory • Epidemics going back thousands of years till the present.

  7. Chapter 1 • Dhat syndrome • Affects young Indian males • Fear of loss of seminal fluid in nocturnal emissions. Or that semen mixes with urine and is eliminated. • Loss of semen • Depletes mental and physical energy • Cultural beliefs about the importance of semen • Guarantee health and longevity.

  8. Chapter 1 • Virginity Testing • Very important marriage custom in Sri Lanka • A bride who cannot prove her virginity to her husband and her in-laws suffer consequences • Determined a virgin if hymen is intact • A woman's hymen can be broken or eroded by masturbation and also a number of nonsexual activities

  9. Chapter 2 • Problems with Self-Reports • Social Desirability • Memory • Estimation Error • Wording of Questions Important • Direct Observations: Sampling Bias? • (Masters and Johnson) • Problems with Direct Observation • Expensive and time consuming

  10. Chapter 2 • Interview • Rapport • Flexible • Questionnaires • Inexpensive • Anonymity • CASI (Computer-Assisted Self-Interview)

  11. Chapter 2 • Ethical Considerations • Free and Informed Consent • Protection From Harm • Justice • Harms vs Benefits

  12. Chapter 2 • Field Experiment • Researcher Controls Independent Variable • Real Life Setting • Quasi Experiment • Researcher Has No Control Over Independent Variable • Uses “Natural” Events As Independent Variable

  13. Chapter 2 • Kinsey Report • Sampling issues • Highly regarded interviewing techniques • Major Concerns • Generally high levels of sexual activity and homosexuality

  14. Chapter 2 • National Health and Social Life Survey (NHSLS) • Gold standard • Probability sample • High response rate • Low rates of homosexuality

  15. Chapter 2 • The Canada Youth, Sexual Health, and HIV/AIDS Study4 Canadian universities • Excellent sampling • Enough to report for provinces) • Many youth engaging in sex at 14 • 23% boys; 19% girls in grade 9) • 5-10% did not use birth control

  16. Chapter 2 • Ontario First Nations AIDS and Healthy Lifestyle Survey • Face-to-face interviews • Many had engaged in high-risk behaviors • 60% did not use condoms • Presents special challenges • Interviewer should be same sex and ethnicity (rapport)

  17. Chapter 2 • Canadian Survey of Gay and Bisexual Men • Recommendations about prevention of HIV/AIDS among gay and bisexual men • Avoided terms gay and bisexual – sampling • Excellent response rate • More knowledge about transmission of HIV associated with less unprotected sex

  18. Chapter 2 • Masters and Johnson • Physiology of sexual response • Behavior and physiological responses measured and observed in lab • Assumed the processes they were studying were normative • Artificial Coition • Clear plastic penis with sensors

  19. Chapter 2 • Schultz, Andel, Sabelis, & Mooyaart, (1999)

  20. Chapter 2 • Humphries “Tea Room Trade” • Acted as lookout • Got licence plates and later interviewed under false pretence • Serious ethical issues

  21. Chapter 2 • Experimental Studies • Control of extraneous variables • Manipulation of independent variable • Measurement of dependent variable • Random assignment of participants to conditions

  22. Chapter 2 • Correlational Designs • Imply only an association between variables • Experimental Designs • Can infer that changes in one variable cause changes in another variable.

  23. Chapter 2 • Romer et al., 1997 • Can only say that the type of interview (computer or human) influenced the amount of reporting.

  24. Chapter 2 • Meredith Chivers • DV1: plethysmograph readings • DV2: subjective ratings of arousal on a keypad • Females subjective and physiological measures at odds

  25. Chapter 4 • Clitoridectomy • Surgical removal of the clitoris • Infibulation • Surgical removal of clitoris and labia, closing of the introitus. • Endometriosis • the growth of endometrial cells in a location outside of the uterus.

  26. Chapter 4 • Pubococcygeus muscle • Contracts during orgasm • Kegel exercises • Contract PC muscle voluntarily • A stronger PC muscle leads to better orgasms. • Fimbria • A fringe of tissue near the ovary leading to the fallopian tube • Follicle • A capsule that surrounds and egg • Produce estrogen, progesterone.

  27. Chapter 4 • Hysterectomy • Surgical removal of uterus. • Oophorectomy • Surgical removal of ovaries • Surgical complications (short and long term) but also cervix and uterus important for sexual enjoyment, arousal and orgasm.

  28. Chapter 4 • PID (pelvic inflammatory disease) • Can affect internal reproductive organs • Different pathogens, most often STDs • Infertility • Breast augmentations • Health problems • Compromises breastfeeding. • Reduction • For comfort • Can also compromise breastfeeding.

  29. Chapter 4 • Circumcision • Surgical removal of the foreskin • Controversial. • Better genital health (partners too). • associated with lower incidence of HIV and of penile cancer • Newborns feel pain (anesthetic) • Surgical accidents. • No evidence of decreased sensitivity.

  30. Chapter 4 • Testes descend prenatally from pelvis to scrotum • Need to be about 2°C cooler than body • Cremaster muscle • Functions to raise and lower the testes in order to regulate temperature • Cryptorchidia • leads to infertility – can be corrected surgically.

  31. Chapter 4 • Sperm count can decrease (infertility?) if: • long hot baths • prolonged fever • long distance truck drivers, any long sitting • steel workers close to furnaces • jockey shorts, tight jeans

  32. Chapter 4 • Testicular cancer: • Age range: 15-35 • Higher incidence • Family history • Cryptorchidia(undescended testicles) • Very treatable, 98% success rate when discovered early

  33. Chapter 4 • Cancer of the penis • Rare can be fatal if not treated early • Risk factors • Over 50 • History of multiple sex partners • History of STDs • Poor genital hygiene • Smoking

  34. Chapter 4 • Priapism • Prolonged erection • Due to: • Constant vibration (e.g. snowmobile), • Some pathological conditions • Use of drugs like Cialis. Painful.

  35. Chapter 9 • Females: • Vaginal lubrication • Glansclitoris enlarges (similar to penile erection) • Nipples erect (myotonia: muscle contraction) • Breasts enlarge (vasocongestion • Inner lips of vulva swell and open, change in colour (darker) • Upper 2/3rds of vagina balloons • Cervix and uterus stand up: tenting effect • Angle of cervical opening more receptive to sperm

  36. Chapter 9 • Masters and Johnson: four phases • Excitation • Sex flush (can happen later) • Heart rate, respiration rate gradually increase • Generalized myotonia • Vasocongestion • Pelvic area receives more blood in general, in particular to genitals. • Males: • Penile erection • Scrotal sac thickens, elevates

  37. Chapter 9 • Plateau: • Both males and females continue vasocongestion to max • Heart rate, respiration rate and blood pressure continue to increase • Copious perspiration • Increased myotonia

  38. Chapter 9 • Plateau • Females: • Orgasmic platform • Outer third of vagina thickens, swells • Without it, no orgasm • Tenting complete • Clitoris erect

  39. Chapter 9 • Plateau • Males: • Cowper’s glands secrete fluid through tip of penis • May contain live sperm! • Scrotum even higher and testicles bigger

  40. Chapter 9 • Orgasmic: • Both: • very high heart rate, blood pressure and breathing • intense myotonia • Males: Two stages: • Contraction of seminal vesicles, vas and prostate • Contraction of urethra and penis: ejaculation

  41. Chapter 9 • Orgasmic: • Females: • Contractions of orgasmic platform • Contractions of uterus • Several orgasms possible if stimulation continues • Oxytocin

  42. Chapter 9 • Health Benefits Associated With Orgasm • General Health • An orgasm at least once or twice per week appears to strength the immune system’s ability to resist flu and other viruses • Pain Relief • Some women find that an orgasm’s release of hormones and muscle contractions help relieve the pain of menstrual cramps and raise pain tolerance in general.

  43. Chapter 9 • Health Benefits Associated With Orgasm (Cont’d) • Lower Cancer Rate • Men who have more than five ejaculations per week during their 20s have a significantly lower rate of prostate cancer later in life • Mood Enhancement • Orgasms increase estrogen and endorphins, which tend to improve mood and ward off depression in women

  44. Chapter 9 • Health Benefits Associated With Orgasm • Greater Feelings of Intimacy • The hormone oxytocin, which may play a role in feelings of love and intimacy, increases fivefold at orgasm • Better Sleep • The neurotransmitter dopamine, released during orgasm, triggers a stress-reducing, sleep-inducing response that may last up to two hours

  45. Chapter 9 • Resolution: • Return to normal, muscles relax, breathing etc. back to normal, blood back to circulation from genitals. • Males • refractory period • EACH PHASE MUST BE FULLY COMPLETED IN ORDER TO REACH THE NEXT ONE

  46. Chapter 9 • SOME GENDER DIFFERENCES: • Excitation • Women slower • Three types of female orgasm have been identified by some researchers: • Clitoral stimulation, • Via pudendal nerve • G-spot stimulation • Via pelvic nerve • A blend of both

  47. Chapter 9 • Each phase shows age changes. • Excitation: • Men: • Fastest 16-20 years, then slow decline • Women: • Slower in teens, early 20s • Faster 30’s on • Plateau: • Men: • Capacity for longer with age • Women: • Same, but never a big problem

  48. Chapter 9 Orgasmic: • Men: • Intensity lessens from mid- to late 20s • Middle Age: • Really noticeable • Ejaculate less volume, less forceful • Resolution: • Refractory period increases

  49. Chapter 9 • Cognitive models: • Kaplan’s triphasic model: • Sexual desire • Vasocongestion • Muscular contraction • Walenand Roth’s model: • Emphasis on perception and evaluation • 8 steps, necessary for the arousal cycle to be completed

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