Designer Babies

1. Designer Babies www.powerpointpresentationon.blogspot.com

2. CREATING NEW WORLD USING BIOTECHNOLOGY

3. Designer Babies

4. Pictures

5. Designer baby The colloquial term "designer baby" refers to a baby whose genetic makeup has been artificially selected by genetic engineering combined with in vitro fertilisation to ensure the presence or absence of particular genes or characteristics. The term is derived by comparison with "designer clothing".

7. Designer baby • Designer babies Since the discovery of DNA in the late 1950's, the possibility of genetic modification of animals and plants has become a reality. The term designer baby refers to the genetic modification of the child in it's early fetal life. The world of genetic modification has long moved on from the days of Dolly the Sheep.

9. DESIGNER BABIES • parents will be able to select or design desired traits for their children. Boy or girl? Blond or brunette? Blue eyes or brown?

11. DESIGNER BABY • moms and dads pick whether junior has blue or brown eyes or black or blond hair. some known genetic markers do correlate with a probability of hair, eye and skin color,

12. DESIGNER BABY • "Our goal in offering (embryo screening) to couples at risk is to increase the likelihood that they can achieve their dream of having a healthy baby, free from a catastrophic genetic disease

13. Outside =Blue Eyes Inside = blue eye gene blue eye gene Outside = Brown Eyes Inside = brown eye gene blue eye gene They can have kids with either BROWN EYES or BLUE EYES

17. Inherited Genetic Disorders • Tay-Sachs disease • Sickle-cell anemia • Cystic fibrosis • Hemophilia • Huntington’s Disease • Down’s Syndrome

18. Your choice of babies

19. Artificial Reproductive Technology • In vitro fertilisation • Louise Brown 25 July 1978 • Features • Embryo implantation • Embryos can be selected preimplantation

20. Reproductive Technology

21. What should we test for? • Genetic disorders 700 inherited conditions 344 test clinically available 211 prenatal tests offered • Traits • Gender

22. Embryo Selection is a relatively simple process. An ovarian biopsy can yield many eggs which can be fertilized in vitro with the partner’s sperm. The cells can be grown in culture, and at the eight cell stage, one of the cells can be removed for diagnosis.

23. How is it done? The removal of one cell allows DNA tests to be performed on the embryo. The embryo with the desired trait can then be selected. The final step is implanting the embryo into the uterus, and letting the pregnancy continue to term. This process is called in vitro fertilization.

24. Invitro Fertilization (IVF) & Pre-Implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD)

25. What is IVF? Use of artificial techniques to join an ovum with sperm outside (in vitro) woman's body to help infertile couples to have a children of their own. The basic technique of IVF involves removing ova from a woman's ovaries, fertilising them in the laboratory, and then inserting them into her uterus. The first ‘test-tube baby’, Mary Louise Brown, was born in England in 1978.

26. Process of IVF • Hyper ovulation • Egg Retrieval • Artificial Insemination • Embryo Transfer

27. The embryos with faulty genes are discarded and only healthy ones are implanted in the mother's womb. The technique involves fertilizing eggs in a laboratory. When the embryos are three days old, scientists take out a cell from it and analyze it. If they find that the cell has an abnormal chromosome, the embryo is discarded as it will lead to babies with genetic defects

28. Viable and Desirable? “This information is helping parents choose which embryos they want--and which to reject as unhealthy, or merely undesirable.”

30. Pre-implantation Genetic Testing • in vitro fertilization (IVF) • Allow fertilized cells to divide until 8 cells – 3 days • Remove single cell for diagnosis within 15 hours • Decide whether or not to implant

33. What is PGD? • Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis. A procedure to analyze the genetic makeup of an embryo before it is implanted. The purpose is to identify disorders and genetically inherited diseases (Downs Syndrome, hemophilia, etc) as well as identify the gender.

34. Why Should I have PGD done? • Some of the most common reasons for having the PGD procedure are: • Three or more miscarriages in early pregnancy • More than two unsuccessful IVF treatments • Family Balancing • If scientists are aware of the sex of an embryo while it remains still in their care, measures can be taken to assure that only embryos of a selected gender are returned to the womb for the possible establishment of pregnancy. While in vitro fertilization with PGD is only one of the methods for sex predetermination offered by our Center, it is the only procedure where success rates are higher than 99.9%.

35. preimplantation genetic diagnosis PGD also known as embryo screening refers to procedures that are performed on embryos prior to implantation, sometimes even on oocytes prior to fertilization. PGD is considered another way to prenatal diagnosis. Its main advantage is that it avoids selective pregnancy termination as the method makes it highly likely that the baby will be free of the disease under consideration.

36. PGD • In the first group PGD is used to look for a specific disorder in couples with a high risk of transmitting an inherited condition. • This can be a monogenic disorder, meaning the condition is due to a single gene only, (autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant or X-linked disorders) or a chromosomal structural aberration (such as a balanced translocation).

37. PGD • PGD helps these couples identify embryos carrying a genetic disease or a chromosome abnormality, thus avoiding the difficult choice of abortion. In addition, there are infertile couples who carry an inherited condition and who opt for PGD as it can be easily combined with their IVF treatment

38. To avoid this

39. To be tested and prevented as well • Deafness, Shortness in height, learning disabilities? • Gender • “Gay Gene

40. Specific disorders • PGD is available for a large number of monogenic disorders. The most frequently diagnosed autosomal recessive disorders are cystic fibrosis, Beta-thalassemia, sickle cell disease and spinal muscular atrophy type 1. • The most common dominant diseases are myotonic dystrophy, Huntington's disease and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease; and in the case of the X-linked diseases, most of the cycles are performed for fragile X syndrome, haemophilia A and Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

42. Embryo Screening with PGD • Recent advances in the fields of genetics, genetic diagnosis, embryo biopsy and preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) have opened up a new world of opportunity for couples interested in achieving a healthy pregnancy.

43. Genetic testing performed prior to embryo transfer

45. Biotechnology Issues 1. In Vitro Fertilisation (ART) 2. Human Cloning 3. Therapeutic Tissue Cloning (Stem Cells) 4. Preimplantation Diagnosis 5. Sex Selection 6. Designer babies

46. Genetic testing for disease •  1. Sample Cells from human  • 2.DNA extracted from the Cells   • 3.DNA Cut Into Double Stranded Fragments   • 4.Gel Electrophoresis of DNA Fragments  •  5.Shorter DNA Pieces have Travelled Further through Gel than Longer Ones

47. The birth of the first British baby genetically screened before conception to be free of a breast cancer gene of creating so-called designer babies

49. In the future, the ability to identify many more genes for different neurological, psychiatric, and behavioral traits and disorders before uterine implantation may present opportunities for parents to "design" their children, selecting in or out the desired physical, intellectual, and temperament traits they desire.

50. selecting the child's genetic make-up based on parental preferences is the right decision. It is possible that the world into which these designed children grow changes its values, leaving these genetically-designed children at a new disadvantage. Parents who have a socially undesirable trait, like deafness, may choose to reify their own existence by not sparing their children this trait, or even selecting for it, but the children may grow to resent their parents for it, wanting to be more like the norm. Other children may be "designed" to be genetically similar at the HLA locus to a sibling with a condition that can be "cured" with a bone marrow transplant..