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UNDP-Fordham University Panel Women’s Access to Education January 30, 2007

Getting All Girls Into School: Overcoming Exclusion Marlaine Lockheed Center for Global Development. UNDP-Fordham University Panel Women’s Access to Education January 30, 2007 Fordham University Lincoln Center Campus. Gender Parity in Primary Enrollments Rose Between 1960 and 2000.

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UNDP-Fordham University Panel Women’s Access to Education January 30, 2007

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  1. Source: Lewis and Lockheed 2006

  2. Getting All Girls Into School: Overcoming ExclusionMarlaine LockheedCenter for Global Development UNDP-Fordham University Panel Women’s Access to Education January 30, 2007 Fordham University Lincoln Center Campus

  3. Gender Parity in Primary Enrollments Rose Between 1960 and 2000 Source: Lewis and Lockheed 2006

  4. 60 Million Primary School Age Girls are Out of School Source: Lewis and Lockheed 2006

  5. 70 Percent of Out of School Girls are from Excluded Groups Source: Lewis and Lockheed 2006

  6. Socially Excluded Groups are Marginalized by: • Stigmatization • Ethnic differences • Low status • “Involuntary” minority status Source: Lewis and Lockheed 2006

  7. Elasticities for Heterogeneity Source: Lewis and Lockheed 2006

  8. School Enrollment, Attainment, Completion for Excluded Girls • Nigeria – 35% lower probability • India – 11 percentage points lower • Laos – 6 years fewer • Pakistan – 30-55 percentage points lower • Guatemala – 40 percentage points lower • Slovak Republic – 45 percentage points lower Source: Lewis and Lockheed 2006

  9. Quechua Girls Outperform Quechua Boys in 5th Grade, Peru 2000 Source: Lewis and Lockheed 2006

  10. Indigenous Girls Outperform Indigenous Boys in Ecuador Source: Lewis and Lockheed 2006

  11. First, Improve and Diversify the Supply of Education • Altering education policies and addressing discrimination • Expanding schooling options • Improving the quality and relevance of schools and classrooms Source: Lewis and Lockheed 2006

  12. Second, Create Incentives for Households to Send Girls to School • Conditional cash transfers • Scholarships and stipends • School feeding programs Source: Lewis and Lockheed 2006

  13. Practical Actions to Promote Education for Excluded Girls • The Unesco Institute for Statistics should report school participation and achievement data disaggregated by gender and exclusion • Bilateral, multilateral and private donors should target their support to programs that have demonstrated positive effects for excluded girls • Girls’ Education Evaluation Fund Source: Lewis and Lockheed 2006

  14. Unanswered Questions • Exactly how large is the problem? • Under what conditions are various program effective? • What would it cost to implement these programs? • How can countries overcome historical inequities and exclusion? Source: Lewis and Lockheed 2006

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