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Evolution

Evolution. Darwin Studied finches in the Galapagos Islands He noticed how different each bird beak was due to adaptive radiation Evidence of evolution The best evidence is matching AA sequences or DNA

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Evolution

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  1. Evolution • Darwin Studied finches in the Galapagos Islands • He noticed how different each bird beak was due to adaptive radiation • Evidence of evolution • The best evidence is matching AA sequences or DNA • We can also look at anatomy. What was the difference between homologous and analogous structures?

  2. What is Classification? • Classification/taxonomy is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities • Taxonomists are scientists that identify & name organisms

  3. Benefits of Classifying • Accurately & uniformly names organisms • Prevents misnomers such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish • Uses same language (Latin or some Greek) for all names Sea”horse”??

  4. Standardized Naming • Binomial nomenclature • Genus species • Latin or Greek Turdus migratorius American Robin

  5. Binomial Nomenclature What is different in the scientific name of the polar bear and the grizzly bear?

  6. Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups BROADEST TAXON Know in order, how the taxa are arranged from broadest to most specific • Domain • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species

  7. Domains • Broadest, most inclusive taxon • Threedomains: • Archaea and Eubacteria • unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) • Eukarya • more complex and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

  8. Kingdoms Know which are prokaryotes and which are eukaryotes Know the difference between and prokaryote and eukaryote • Eubacteria • Archaea • Protista • Fungi • Plantae • Animalia

  9. Fungus • Are not plants-they do NOT carry out photosynthesis! The only thing they have in common are cell walls. • Cell walls of chitin • Absorb food through cell walls • What do they do? Why is this important? What would we do without them? • An ex of a fungus? Yeast-how does it make bread rise?

  10. Protists • Not plants, not fungi • Algae, slime molds etc • These guys are important for creating most of the O2 for us through photosynthesis! • Form red tides (caused from Dinoflagellates) that kill fish and other animals in the ocean • Caused by farm runoff • Are a junk drawer • Uni/multicellular • Eukaryotes • Auto/heterotrophs

  11. Dichotomous Keying • Used to identify organisms • Characteristics given in pairs • Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism Be able to identify characteristics that set organisms apart from the rest!

  12. Prokaryotic – do not have nucleusSingle-celled – unicellularCell wall – made of peptidoglycan What are two key differences between a prokaryote and eukaryote?

  13. Virus • Has DNA/RNA • Would we treat with antibiotics or vaccine? Both? • LyticvsLysogenic cycle

  14. Gram Stain – stained bacteria reveals whether to prescribe antibiotics Antibiotics – medicine used to block growth and reproduction of BACTERIA only Ex: Pencillium Vaccines – weakened pathogen PREVENTS disease in both viruses and bacteria Treating Pathogenic Bacteria

  15. Beneficial Bacteria • Bacteria are beneficial to our environment by acting as: • Decomposers - recycle of nutrients to atmosphere • Nitrogen fixators - convert nitrogen into a form plants can use

  16. Beneficial Bacteria Cont… 3. Symbiotic Relationship – Two organisms benefit from one another Ex. Humans and E. coli E.coli lives in our intestines, breaks down food for digestion

  17. Preventing Bacterial Growth • Heat – inc in temp • Disinfection – using chemicals • Refrigeration – slows down bacterial growth • Light – slows down bacterial growth

  18. Exchange of bodily fluids Skin to skin contact, dirty hands Contamination Airbourne We use Penecillum as an antibiotic How are Bacterial Infections Transmitted?

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