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EXISTENT COPING STRATEGIES AS ANALOGUE FOR CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION IN SOUTH WESTERN NIGERIA. BY ADESINA F.A; AINA, I.O., ODEBIYI I.A. & ADEJUWON J.O. (AF23) Nigeria. GENERAL BACKGROUND. Rain-fed agriculture is predominant in Nigeria. The constraining factors include:
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EXISTENT COPING STRATEGIES AS ANALOGUE FOR CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION IN SOUTH WESTERN NIGERIA BY ADESINA F.A; AINA, I.O., ODEBIYI I.A. & ADEJUWON J.O. (AF23) Nigeria
GENERAL BACKGROUND • Rain-fed agriculture is predominant in Nigeria. The constraining factors include: • Delayed onset of the growing season • Premature termination of the rainy season • Unusually long dry spells within the growing season • These constraints could be amplified in the probable event that the climates of the country change and more adverse climatic conditions replace the ones to which people are already familiar with.
Outlook for Nigeria • The exact nature and direction of the change are still largely speculative. Scenarios are suggesting medium to large scale departures from the norm. • However, it is certain that they are likely to lead to significant disruptions of human activities especially those that are largely weather-dependent such as agriculture.
The climate change projection for southern Nigeria is that • it is likely to get wetter; • temperatures may rise by between 1 & 2.5oC These will precipitate serious environmental changes that could further impact agricultural activities negatively.
Some of the impacts may include • widespread floods resulting from persistent heavy showers; • significant increase in soil water loss through heightened evapo-transpiration induced by accentuated air temperatures; Likely impacts of the change
more devastating storm events powered by increased temperatures in the environment; • Greater incidences of pests & diseases that luxuriate under hot humid conditions.
In these probable circumstances, the local people must be ready to live with new realities. If climate change is inevitable, then so is adaptation to the change. It is important however to have effective strategies that are in tune with local conditions. One way of looking at this from research point of view is to explore ways by which people presently cope with adverse environmental conditions. Action required
Significance of the study • Facilitates a bottom-up approach to identifying effective adaptation strategies i.e. including the views of some of the “exposure” units
TThe objectives of this study are thus to: i. Identify and describe from the point of view of the local people, environmental problems currently being experienced or that were experienced in recent past and their causes; i ii Describe the strategies that were adopted or being adopted to cope with the effects of such problems; iii Evaluate the effectiveness of the coping strategies. Objectives of the study
Location: Three rural areas adjoining Ibadan, Akure and Offa respectively in southwestern Nigeria Population: Between 2000 & 3500 Vegetation: Tropical Rainforest. Climate: Humid with more than 200 growing days. e The study area
Study area cont. • Local Economy: Cash & food crop farming Cocoa, oil palm, cassava, maize important. • Processing of garri and oil palm is important and dominated by women. • Infrastructures: In bad shape • Inhabitants: Mainly Yoruba
Map of the Study Area MAP OF THE STUDY AREA
Data were collected using qualitative tools in a Rapid Rural Appraisal procedure. The key instruments used were • Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) guided by a set of questions around the concept of well being, environmental problems and coping strategies. Eight of such FGDs were organized in each of the settlements. Methodology
Methodology cont. • In-depth Interviews conducted for randomly selected household heads and opinion leaders. Thirty such interviews were conducted in each settlement.
DATA ANALYSIS • Tallying of responses to obtain frequency of • specific responses and ranking of options; • Content analysis of FGDs and interviews using • the TEXT BASE ALPHA software.
RESULTS • Conceptualisation of living well (being rich)- • This is important as adverse conditions are • expected to impact on it. Living well implies • having luxury goods e.g. TV, radio & being able • to fulfil social responsibilities. Being poor is the • opposite. There are the neither rich nor poor in • between.
3. Key Adaptation Strategies • Use of wetlands for dry season farming; • Planting early maturing crops to take advantage of short rainy season; • Digging wells deeper to enable them produce water in the dry seasons; q Planting sturdier varieties of crops that can resist rainstorms. q Taking loans to buy farm inputs and foods during the “hunger season”; q Mounting joint control & prevention of bush fires by the community; q Using fertilizers to enhance productivity of crops.
Wetland (akuro) farming in one of the sites in the dry season
Level of local adaptive capacities • The adaptation strategies identified are capable • of taking the people through privation but are • limited in two respects: • Not everyone can use all the strategies all the • time e.g not everyone has access to loans • in time of need; • Not all the strategies are accessible to the • people e.g. not every farmer can have access • to wetlands.
Level of local adaptive capabilities cont. These suggest that the contemporary adaptive capacities are low. They need to be enhanced by making the strategies effective through research & proactive intervention of govt. e.g. in digging wells, providing good varieties of crop like the IITA’s cassava .
Palm fruit pressing machine reduces labour in the traditional method of oil processing
Making adaptation choices • Procedure followed include an • assessment of the acceptability of each options via • evaluating the ranking of the options by the local • people; • ii. determination of the cost of strengthening each of • the options to make them effective. • .
iii. Assessment of the limitations of each of the options A weighting of these assessments is done to adequately track the contribution of each of the elements to decision making • Provision of hybrid variety & Loan facility are the most important. Though the 2nd is cheaper, hybrid is more efficient.
