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Chapter 19: From Stalemate to Crisis

Chapter 19: From Stalemate to Crisis. Party Loyalties. Both parties less about party policies, more about: Religion Tradition Region Culture Democrats White Southerners Catholics Recent immigrants Poor workers. Republicans Northern Protestants “Old Stock” citizens Middle Class

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Chapter 19: From Stalemate to Crisis

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  1. Chapter 19: From Stalemate to Crisis

  2. Party Loyalties • Both parties less about party policies, more about: • Religion • Tradition • Region • Culture • Democrats • White Southerners • Catholics • Recent immigrants • Poor workers • Republicans • Northern Protestants • “Old Stock” citizens • Middle Class • Favored Issues like: • Immigration Restrictions • Temperence

  3. The National Government • Few Responsibilites • Mail • National Defense • Foreign Affairs • Tax Collection/Tariffs • Some economic infrastructure • Civil War Pension System • Some wanted to pass old-age pension system for all • Corruption and patronage

  4. Presidents and Patronage • Political patronage: the use of state resources to reward individuals for their electoral support. Similar to Spoils System • Patronage hindered ability of some Presidents to govern • Rutherford B. Hayes • Stalwarts and Half-breeds • Competing for Republican power and share of patronage • Overshadowed Hayes Presidency

  5. Garfield Assassinated • Shot by Stalwarts opposed to his civil service reform • Lived for 2 months • Alexander Graham Bell and Garfield • How the new metal spring coil mattress helped kill the President.

  6. Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890 • Popular demand for curbing power of trusts • Used more against unions

  7. Grangers • Origins: • The Grange: Social and self-help association • Later focus on political change: Depression of 1873 • Formed after Civil War: • Learn new scientific methods • Create community support • Depression of 1873 • Caused decline in farm prices • Rise in membership to 800,000 (20,000 lodges)

  8. New Demands/Goals • Marketing cooperatives • Eliminate the middleman • Cooperative political action • Stop monopoly power of the Railroads • Farmer’s Declaration of Independence • “Free themselves from the tyranny of monopoly” • Results • Cooperative stores • Creameries • Warehouses • Businesses • Montgomery Ward: Mail-order business

  9. PAC: Political Action Committee • Worked to elect legislators • Gained control of some legislatures • Sought to regulate railroads • Results • Courts undid many laws • Recovery of late 1870’s • Diminished interest • Membership shrinks to 100,000 by 1880

  10. Farmer’s Alliances • Southern Alliance 1880- 4 million members • Northwestern Alliance • Accomplishments • Formed cooperatives: Eliminate middleman • Stores • Banks • Processing plants • Replace destructive competition with cooperation

  11. Women and the Alliances • Full voting members • Lecturers • Office holders • Mary Lease: “raise less corn and more hell” • Many urged temperance: • anti-alcohol movement

  12. Populism • Formed from different farm groups and alliances. • Appeal • Small family farmers • with limited access to credit • Sharecroppers and tenant farmers • Marginalized because of geography • Sense of new found community

  13. Pushed for: • Black members • Reluctantly allowed into movement • Whites dominated the leadership • Pressure from Southern states : to maintain white supremacy.

  14. Populist Platform • Free Silver • Anti-National Bank • Direct of election of Senators • Govt. store houses to establish • Bumper Crops • Allows price of crops to be manipulated. • Nationalization of • Utilities and Railroads • Graduated Income Tax

  15. Evidence of bigotry/anti-Semitism • Challenge to Laisseiz-faire Economics • Growth should focus on the needs of the people

  16. The Panic of 1893 • Most severe depression in history • Caused by: • Business failures • Stock collapse • Bank failures (leveraged in stocks) • Tight Credit • More business failures • Low crop prices • Overexpansion • Weak Demand

  17. 20% Unemployment • Demonstrated inter-dependent national markets • Some global effects: Weak European Demand for goods • Weakness till 1901

  18. Reaction • Social Unrest from unemployed • Fear of radical labor unrest • Jacob Coxey: called for Govt. works projects • Coxey’s Army: March on Washington • 500 protestors • Ignored by Congress

  19. The Silver Question • What is backing our currency today? • People demanded that currency be backed by gold and silver. • Crime of ‘73: Protest of “demonetization” of silver. • People wanted coining of silver to be reinstated • “Free Silver” • Cause inflation: • Raise farm pricess • Reduce debt burden

  20. Populist reasons: • Gold symbol of oppression and tyranny • Silver: The “People’s “ Money • Ease farmer debt burden: inflation

  21. Election of 1896 • Dominated by currency question • Democrats adopt “Free Silver” plank • Nominate: • William Jennings Bryan • Cross of Gold Speech • Modern Campaigner • Populist platform too narrow for national victory • Demise of People’s Party

  22. McKinley and Recovery • Brought reassurance and stability • Farm prices on the rise (European Crop failures) • Currency Act of 1900: Reaffirmed gold standard • End of the depression hurt Populist enthusiasm

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