Child Development Theorists: Lev Vygotsky & Erik Erikson

1. Child Development Theorists: Lev Vygotsky & Erik Erikson By: Sarah Turner and Emily Downs

2. Erik Erikson • Born 1902 in Germany • Died 1994 • Enrolled in art school • Taught art to American children who had come to Germany for Freudian training • Admitted into Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute • In 1933 came to U.S. and became Boston’s first child analyst • Obtained position at Harvard Medical School • Later on became clinician and psychiatric consultant

3. Erik Erikson’s Theory • 1st stage: Trust vs. Mistrust • 2nd stage: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt • 3rd stage: Initiative vs. Guilt • 4th stage: Industry vs. Inferiority • 5th stage: Identity vs. Identity Confusion • 6th stage: Intimacy vs. Isolation • 7th stage: Integrity vs. Despair

4. Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust • Birth- 1 or 2 years • A child needs to experience trust in early life • If a child learns to mistrust more than trust, the child will become frustrated, withdrawn, suspicious and will lack self-confidence

5. Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt • 2-3 years old • Parents need to be supportive so the child can develop a sense of self-control without a loss of self-esteem • If a child experiences an overly controlling parent they will not be able to do anything on their own

6. Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt • 3-5 years old • Develops sense of responsibility • Encouraged children to be as independent as possible • Set expectations that are in line with child’s individual abilities • Key strength that grows out of the stage is purpose

7. Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority • 5-12 years old • Time of great adventure • Problems arise when a child feels inadequate • Teacher or parent who overemphasizes mistakes can make child not want to learn • Essential for child to learn to do things with others

8. Stage 5: Identity vs. Identity Confusion • Adolescence • Seek true identity • Either follow a crowd to be a part of something or develop sense of individuality

9. Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation • Young adulthood • Only able to form intimate feelings with others if they succeed in finding their identity (stage 5) • Either find intimacy in partner, friendship or family or they lead a life of isolation

10. Stage 7: Integrity vs. Despair • Late adulthood • Either feel like they have contributed to society or haven’t • Decides whether elderly person will be happy or discontent with life

11. Lev Vygotsky • Born in 1896 in Byelorussia • Graduated from Moscow University • Studied literature and psychology • Worked at Institute of Psychology in Moscow • Died of tuberculosis at age 38, in 1934

12. Sociocultural(Social Development Theory) • Focuses on how values, beliefs, skills and traditions are transmitted to the next generation • Fundamentally cultural • There is a zone of proximal development that reveals a pattern • Consciousness and cognition is the end product of social behavior • “More Knowledgeable Other”

13. Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) • The variation between a student being able to perform a task independently or being able to do it will adult/peer help

14. More Knowledgeable Other (MKO) • Refers to anyone whose learning/cognition level is above the student’s level • Could be a parent, teacher, coach, older sibling, tutor, computer etc.

15. Social Interaction • Social learning precedes development • “Every function in the child’s cultural development appears twice: first on the social level, and later, on the individual level; first between people and then inside the child.” (said by Vygotsky)

16. Comparison

17. Bibliography Arlene, By. "Erik Erikson Stages of Development." Google. Web. 01 Dec. 2010. <http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:AnjdoAI4RJIJ:www.learningplaceonline.com/stages/organize/Erikson.htm did erikson believe in connection between culture and learning?&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us>. "Definitions of Sociocultural Theory." The University of New Mexico. Web. 30 Nov. 2010. <http://www.unm.edu/~devalenz/handouts/sociocult.html>. "Psychology History." Welcome to Muskingum University. Web. 16 Nov. 2010. <http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/ps ycweb/history/erikson.htm>. "Social Development Theory (Vygotsky) at Learning Theories." At Learning Theories. Web. 30 Nov. 2010. <http://www.learning-theories.com/vygotskys-social-learning-theory.html>.