Integrated Science

1. Integrated Science Cheryl Chong Danielle Joy Thio Sabrina Tang Noor Hanisah M06106

2. !!PAPER!!

3. Our Material • Paper • How is it obtained? • From the pulp of trees such as Spruce and Papyrus. • How is it made? • Trees are harvested and broken down into pieces of fiber, or pulp. • The fibers are then matted into a sheet and left to dry. • Properties • Soft • Thin • Not waterproof • Flimsy • Lightweight

4. Uses of Paper • Building and automotive applications - car insulation, tar paper, flooring, counter top laminates and gypsum wall board. • Office supplies - writing paper, envelopes, receipts, checks, etc.

5. Uses of Paper • Recreational uses - playing cards, coloring books, photographs, board games, origami, kites and party favors to name a few. • Household items – facial tissue, sponges, disposable diapers, paper plates and cups, wallpaper. • Medical items - bandages, surgical tape, surgical gowns and masks, etc.

6. Uses of Paper • Other products made from paper • Insulation for electrical boards, • Printed circuits for the electronics industry, • Fireworks and shot-gun cartridges. • Special treatments can also be applied to make paper capable of holding security information that is only visible under ultra-violet light.

7. What We Can Do • Change the type of trees where the pulp is derived to make paper (i.e. the stronger the fibers the tougher the paper.) • Laminate or coat the paper with wax, to make it durable and waterproof.

8. What We Can Do • Longer fibers can be used. Like we learnt for the spider web activity, the longer the fibers, the stronger the paper will be because the pressure applied on the paper is spread over a larger area. • Impurities can be introduced into the material.

9. What We Can Do • When manufacturing paper, the water level should be kept low as the presence of water may loosen the fibers. • Also, the cross linking of the fibers can be increased to strengthen the paper.

10. Recent developments of Paper • Cloudy Bay Cotton, a company, has recently tried to introduce cotton-based paper which are less abrasive, less likely to cause allergic reactions and more environmentally friendly.

11. Recent developments of Paper • In the packaging of liquids, chemically produced pulp is used. Bleached white and coated with plastic, it forms a clean, water resistant container. • “Paperfoam” has recently been used in manufacturing. It is quite similar to expandable plastic packaging, but is biodegradable and can be recycled with ordinary paper.

12. Benefits of current material • Tissue Paper • Absorbs water – like a cloth to clean up little spills • Tears and crumples easily – can stop leaks when jammed into the hole • Soft – can blow your nose without hurting the skin

13. Uses of our improved material • Writing Material • If it is made waterproof, one will no longer have to worry about ruining their worksheet. • Stronger paper also means that the paper will not tear so easily in accidents

14. Uses of our improved material • Paper bags • More durable and environmentally friendly • Hopefully it can be waterproof • Stronger – not torn so easily

15. Uses of our improved material • Money • Money is now very flimsy • Beneficial as it is easy to carry around and keep in wallets • However, if it gets wet it tears easily • Most people [if not all] don’t accept torn or soggy notes • Waterproof yet flexible paper would be perfect for money

16. Acknowledgements • http://www.tappi.org/paperu/all_about_paper/earth_answers/EarthAnswers_HowMuch.pdf#search='how%20is%20paper%20manufactured • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper • http://www.census.gov/epcd/ec97/def/322.HTM • http://www.biltpaper.com/atoz.asp • http://www.instron.us/wa/applications/paper/default.aspx?ref • http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/ksheets/paper.html • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper