Childhood Infectious Diseases: Viral, Bacterial, Fungal, and Parasitic

1. Chapter 20 Childhood Diseases and Disorders

2. Infectious Diseases • Four categories: • Viral • Bacterial • Fungal • Parasitic • Some infections can be prevented by immunization

3. Infectious Diseases • Many have incubation period • Symptoms: • Fever • Nausea and vomiting • Malaise • Cough • Rash • Anorexia nervosa

4. Infectious Diseases • Varied treatment: • Good nutrition • Rest • Non-aspirin antipyretics

5. Viral Diseases • Invade host and can lay dormant • Reactivated by certain triggers: • Stress • Illness • Trauma • Usually symptomatic treatment

6. Viral Diseases • Measles • Also known as rubeola • Symptoms: • Koplik’s spots • Fever • Runny nose

7. Viral Diseases • Rubella • Type of measles • Also known as German measles • Symptoms: • Rash • Mild in children • Serious in pregnant women

8. Measles/Rubeola Photo courtesy Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

9. Koplik’s Spots Photo courtesy Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

10. Rubella Rash Photo courtesy Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

11. Viral Diseases • Mumps • Inflammation of parotid glands • Symptoms: • Chills • Fever • Ear pain • Swelling of parotid glands

12. Viral Diseases • Mumps • Complication: • Orchitis and nerve conduction deafness

13. Mumps Photo courtesy Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

14. Viral Diseases • Varicella • Also known as chickenpox or herpes zoster • Symptoms: • Rash that develops into vesicles • Poliomyelitis • Causes: • Polio virus • Immunization has reduced threat of disease

15. Varicella Photo courtesy Robert A. Silverman, MD, Pediatric Dermatology, Georgetown University

16. Viral Diseases • Influenza • Acute infectious respiratory disease • Many types • Prevention: • Vaccination

17. Viral Diseases • Common cold • Causes: • Rhinovirus • Prevention: • Good handwashing

18. Viral Diseases • Mononucleosis • Also known as kissing disease • Causes: • Epstein-Barr virus • AIDS • Causes: • HIV • Most cases result from maternal-fetal transfer

19. Bacterial Diseases • Causes: • Pathogens • E.g., staphylococcus, streptococcus, haemophilus, clostridium • Symptoms: • Fever • Cough

20. Bacterial Diseases • Symptoms: • Headache • Difficulty breathing • Sore throat • Treatment based on causative agent

21. Bacterial Diseases • Pertussis • Also known as whooping cough • Symptoms: • Paroxysmal • Violent coughing • Diphtheria • Severe inflammation of respiratory system • Rarely seen now due to vaccination

22. Bacterial Diseases • Tuberculosis • Most commonly affects lungs • But can be systemic • Increasing number of cases in children • Tularemia • Also known as rabbit fever • Transmitted by bite of infected insect or direct contact with infected animal

23. Bacterial Diseases • Impetigo • Dermatitis • Causes: • Staphylococcus • Group A streptococcus • Prevention: • Good handwashing

24. Bacterial Diseases • Acute tonsillitis • Infection of palatine tonsils located on posterior wall of nasopharynx • Treatment: • Antibiotics • Tonsillectomy

25. Impetigo Photo courtesy Robert A. Silverman, MD, Pediatric Dermatology, Georgetown University

26. Bacterial Diseases • Otitis media • Acute bacterial infection of middle ear • Untreated, chronic infection develops • Symptoms: • Pain • Treatment: • Antibiotics • Myringotomy with tympanoplasty

27. Fungal Diseases • Affect skin or mucous membranes in children • Sometimes more common in infants • Usually not severe • But irritating • May need medical attention to prevent spread

28. Fungal Diseases • Candidiasis • Also known as thrush • Oral fungal infection • Common in infants

29. Fungal Diseases • Tinea • Also known as ringworm • Group of diseases • Capitis • Scalp • Corporis • Body

30. Fungal Diseases • Tinea • Group of diseases • Cruris • Groin and scrotum • Pedis • Feet

31. Parasitic Diseases • Caused by organism that feeds on another organism • Mostly found in places of poor nutrition, contaminated water, and low socioeconomic conditions • Only a few common in United States

32. Parasitic Diseases • Giardiasis • Infection by caused by protozoa • Symptoms: • Diarrhea • Nausea • Cramping • Flatulence

33. Parasitic Diseases • Giardiasis • Symptoms: • Fever • Anorexia nervosa

34. Parasitic Diseases • Pediculosis • Also known as lice • Nits • Lice eggs • Epidemic among school children

35. Parasitic Diseases • Pinworms • Parasitic nematodes that infect intestines and rectum • Transmitted by ingestion or inhalation of eggs • Roundworms • Parasites that lodge in intestines • Absorb nutrients from host

36. Respiratory Diseases • Most common childhood diseases seen by physicians • Children very vulnerable due to continuous person-to-person contact • Infants most susceptible

37. Respiratory Diseases • Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) • Abrupt, unexplained death of infant under age 1 • Prevention: • Place infants supine rather than prone in bed • Croup (laryngotracheobronchitis) • Affects children ages 3 months to 3 years • Symptoms: • Inspiratory stridor

38. Respiratory Diseases • Adenoid hyperplasia • Enlargement of pharyngeal tonsils • May require adenoidectomy • Asthma • Serious chronic respiratory disease in children • Triggers: • Stimuli that cause attack

39. Respiratory Diseases • Pneumonia • Inflammation of lung parenchyma • Symptoms: • Cough • Fever • Wheezing • Malaise

40. Respiratory Diseases • Pneumonia • Treatment: • Antibiotics if bacterial

41. Digestive Diseases • Children may experience serious development problems due to lack of appropriate ingestion, digestion, absorption, or elimination • Fluid and electrolyte imbalance frequently more severe in children

42. Digestive Diseases • Fluid imbalances • Vomiting or diarrhea can be serious • Dehydration • Life-threatening in children • Food allergies • Many disappear after age 5 • Peanut allergies rising

43. Digestive Diseases • Eating disorders • Major problem among children • Especially adolescent females • Most common types: • Anorexia nervosa • Bulimia

44. Musculoskeletal Diseases • Common in children due to high activity level • Ranges from soft tissue injuries and fractures to joint and bone deformities or degenerative muscle disorders

45. Musculoskeletal Diseases • Legg-Calvé-Perthes (LCP) • Avascular necrosis of upper end of femur • Causes changes in bone growth • Ewing’s sarcoma • Malignant neoplasm occurring before age 20 • Usually in long bones • More common in males

46. Blood Diseases • Leukemia • Malignancy of blood-forming cells in bone marrow • Most common disorder of blood and blood-forming organs in children • Treatment: • Chemotherapy • Often curable in children

47. Neurologic Diseases • Reye’s syndrome • Acute encephalopathy in children under age 15 who have had viral infection • Symptoms: • Nausea and vomiting • Liver enlargement • Lethargy

48. Neurologic Diseases • Reye’s syndrome • Symptoms: • Seizures • Coma • Important prevention: • Avoid giving aspirin and products containing aspirin to children

49. Eye and Ear Diseases • Have profound effects on child’s ability to learn and develop • Strabismus • Lazy or cross-eye

50. Eye and Ear Diseases • Deafness • Causes: • Genes • Trauma • Infections • Exposure to ototoxic drugs