Reliable - Achieving the same results in different clinical experiments or trials.

1. Reliable - Achieving the same results in different clinical experiments or trials. Validity – the extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure. Independent Variable – (manipulated variable) factor in an experiment that is determined and changed by the experimenter. Dependent Variable – (responding variable) factor measured to obtain results. Control – the variable that is left alone in an experiment.

2. 6. Mass- a measure of the amount of matter in an object. 7. Matter- anything that has mass and takes up space. 8. Variable- a factor that can change in an experiment. 9. Volume- amount of space occupied by an object. 10. Weight- the force of gravity exerted on an object’s mass.

3. Qualitative- relating to how good something is, the quality of it. • Quantitative- how much there is of something, the measurement or amount of. • Bias – An outcome in favor of or against one thing, person, or group compared with another, usually in a way that is unfair. • Conclusion- a summary of what is learned from an experiment. • Inference- to make a conclusion from observations.

4. 16. Atmospheric Pressure- the weight of the atmosphere pressing on the surface of the earth. 17. Global Warming- the gradual increase of the temperature as a result of the increase in greenhouse gases. 18. Greenhouse Gas- gas such as carbon dioxide or methane which contributes to potential climate change. 19. Density- the amount of mass of a substance to a given volume (how compact molecules are). 20. Ozone -layer of the atmosphere composed mainly of ozone (03) that shields Earth from most of the sun’s ultraviolet rays.

5. 21. Conduction- the transfer of energy by direct contact, from one substance to another (metal spoon). 22. Convection- heat transfer by moving particles in fluids, and thermal energy that they carry (air movement). 23. Radiation- energy transfer without direct contact, as in the transport of heat from the sun to the Earth (sun rays). 24. Temperature inversion- layer of cooler air is trapped by a layer of warmer air above it. 25. Thermal energy- energy of motion in the molecules of a substance (heat)

6. 26. Precipitation- any form of water that falls from the clouds; ex. rain, snow, hail, sleet.27. Evaporation- the process of a liquid changing into a vapor or gas.28. Condensation-process of a gas changing to a liquid, such as water vapor into water droplets.29. Surface Runoff-water on land that drains into a body of water (Collection).30. Climate- the long term weather conditions for a region, generally determined by several years of records.

7. 31. Motion- when an object changes in position. 32. Distance- how far an object has moved. 33. Displacement- distance and direction of an object’s change in position. 34. Instantaneous Speed- speed at any given point in time. 35. Constant Speed- speed that does not vary (change).

8. 41.Air Resistance- friction experienced by objects moving through air. 42. Momentum- the product of an object’s mass and velocity. 43. Net force- the combination of all forces acting on an object. 44. Projectile- an object that is thrown. 45. Velocity- speed in a given direction.

9. 41. Force- push or pull that changes the motion or shape of an object. 42. Balanced Forces- equal forces acting on an object in opposite directions. 43. Friction- the force resisting the relative motion of two surfaces in contact or a surface in contact with a fluid. 44. Gravity- the force of attraction between all masses in the universe. 45. Inertia- the resistance of an object to a change in the speed or direction of its motion.

10. 46. Newton’s 1st law- the net force acting on an object is zero, the motion of the object does not change. 47. Newton’s 2nd law- the acceleration of an object is dependent on the force exerted on the object and the mass of the object. F=MA 48.Newton’s 3rd law- for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. 49.Force pair- the forces two object’s apply to each other. 50.Newton – a unit of force (1 kg x m/s2)

11. 51. Lever- straight bar that moves on a fixed point. 52. Fulcrum- The fixed point that a lever moves on. 53. Inclined Plane- Any slanted surface. 54. Wedge- Two inclined planes that together form a “V” 55. Pulley- A grooved wheel with a rope around it.

12. 56. Energy- the ability to cause change. 57. Wave- transfers energy from one place to another without transferring matter. 58. Kinetic Energy- energy due to motion. 59. Potential Energy- stored energy, has the potential to be used. 60. Energy Conservation- (law of) energy cannot be created or destroyed but may change forms; potential to kinetic.

13. 61. Wavelength- distance from one point on a wave to the nearest point. 62. Frequency- in electromagnetic waves is the number of vibrations per second (Hz) 63. Amplitude-  magnitude of the wave - how high it goes. 64. Medium-matter through which waves travel through; can be a solid, liquid, or gas. 65. Electromagnetic Spectrum- the entire range of wave frequencies.

14. 66. Reflection- The change in direction of a wave, such as light or sound, away from a boundary (ex. mirror). 67. Refraction- bending of light through one medium to another (ex. pencil in water). 68. Angle of Reflection- The angle formed by a reflected ray and a perpendicular to the surface at the point of reflection. 69. Absorb- to take in or fill, prevents reflection of light. 70. Pigment- a dry insoluble substance, usually crushed, and suspended in a liquid then becomes a paint, ink, etc.

15. 71.Atom- the smallest particle of an element that can exist either alone or in combination. 72.Compound- a substance containing atoms of two or more different elements chemically bonded together. 73.Dissolve- a substance mixed evenly in a solution. 74.Element- one of the known chemical substances that cannot be broken down further without changing its chemical properties. 75.Mixture- two or more substances that are mixed together, but not chemically combined.

16. 76. Solubility- the maximum amount of substance that can dissolve in a given amount of fluid at a given temperature and pressure. 77. Concentration- the amount of substance or solute in a solution. 78. Molecule- two or more atoms join together -H20, CO2 79.Reactant- In a chemical reaction, substances (elements and/or compounds) are changed into other substances. 80.Product- The end result of a chemical reaction.

17. Homeostasis- an organism’s ability to maintain steady internal conditions. • Unicellular- a living thing that is made up of only one cell. • Multicellular- a living thing that is made up of two or more cells. • Organism- something that is considered to be alive; shows all the characteristics of life. • Stimuli/Stimulus- a change in an organism’s environment that causes a response.

18. 86. Cell- the basic unit of structure and function in living things. 87. Organelle- tiny cell structure that carries out specific functions (cell parts). 88. Cell wall- rigid layer that surrounds cells of plants. 89. Nucleus –the brain of the cell, or chemical instructions that direct all the cell’s activities. 90. Cell membrane- cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.

19. 91.Cytoplasm- Jelly-like substance found between cell membrane and the nucleus. 92. Mitochondria- Rod-shaped cell structures that produce most of the energy the cell needs (powerhouse). 93. Endoplasmic Reticulum- forms the passageways of the cell (highway). 94. Ribosome- Small grain-like structure in the cell where proteins are made. 95. Golgi Body- A structure in the cell that receives proteins, packages them, and distributes them to other parts of the cell (the UPS).

20. 96.Chromatin- Material in cells that contains DNA and carries genetic information. 97.Chloroplast- A structure in plant cells that captures energy from sunlight and uses it to produce food. 98.Vacuole- A water-filled sac inside a cell that acts as a storage area. 99.Lysosome- A small round cell structure that contains chemicals that break down materials (garbage disposal). 100.DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)- genetic material that carries information about an organism and is passed from parent to offspring.

21. 101.Population- group of organisms of the same species living and reproducing in a particular area. 102.Community- an ecological unit composed of groups of organisms or a population of different species occupying a particular area. 103. Abiotic- anything that is nonliving (ex. light, temperature, rocks). 104. Biotic- parts of an ecosystem living or once living. 105.Ecosystem- the interacting system of a biological community and its non-living environmental surroundings.

22. Diversity- a measure of the variation of organisms • species present in different ecosystems. • 107.Variation- a difference in structure or characteristics from others of the same species or group. • 108.Mutation- a permanent change in the sequence of DNA within a gene or chromosome. • 109.Adaptation- an inherited trait that increases an organism’s chance of surviving and reproducing in a particular environment. • 110.Natural Selection- the process by which organisms with variations that help them survive in their environment live longer, compete better, and • reproduce more.

23. 111. Gene- section of DNA on a chromosome that has genetic information for one trait. 112. Chromosome- thread-like structure of DNA that carries genes. 113. Chromatid- Either of the two strands of a chromosome that separate during mitosis (a single strand). 114. Diploid- a cell that has pairs of chromosomes. 115. Haploid- a cell that has only one chromosome from each pair.

24. 116.Heredity- the passing of traits from parents to offspring by genes. 117.Genotype- the genes that an organism possesses for a particular trait (what you cannot see). 118.Phenotype- physical or visible characteristics of an organism that are determined by its alleles (what you can see). 119.Heterozygous- having two different genes for an inherited trait. Ex. (Bb, Gg) 120.Homozygous- having two of the same genes for an inherited trait. Ex. (BB, bb)