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Engineering for Earthquakes

Engineering for Earthquakes. By Mrs. Shaw. What is an Engineer?. Engineering is the application of scientific and technical knowledge to solve human problems. There are many types of engineers, some are listed below: Civil – includes Structural / Architectural Aerospace Chemical

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Engineering for Earthquakes

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  1. Engineering for Earthquakes By Mrs. Shaw

  2. What is an Engineer? • Engineering is the application of scientific and technical knowledge to solve human problems. • There are many types of engineers, some are listed below: • Civil – includes Structural / Architectural • Aerospace • Chemical • Biomedical

  3. What do Structural Engineers do? • Structural Engineers must identify, understand, and integrate the constraints on a design in order to produce a successful result. • For example: • Designs for Buildings planned for close to the beach must take into account the wind load, water effects and erosion issues.

  4. Earthquake Resistant Buildings • The focus of our project is to use some of the same design elements that structural engineers use to create buildings in areas where earthquakes happen frequently. • Where would they happen more frequently than anywhere else?

  5. What is a fault line? • A fault line is where two tectonic plate boundaries meet.

  6. Review of Earthquakes • An earthquake is what happens when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one another. • The surface where they slip is called the fault or fault plane. • The area where the earthquake energy is generated is called the focus. • The location directly above the focus it on the surface of the earth is called the epicenter.

  7. How do Earthquakes happen? • Most earthquakes result from plate boundaries gliding past each other creating frictional stress. • When the frictional stress exceeds a critical value that results in a violent displacement of the Earth’s crust and the elastic strain energy is released and radiated out.

  8. How is the energy measured? • Seismometers are instruments that measure motions of the ground, including those of seismic waves generated by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and other seismic sources. Seismometer seismograph

  9. Building movements in EQ’s • In an earthquake, the building base experiences high-frequency movements, which results in inertial forces. • **Review: Inertia is the ability of an object to resist a change in motion.

  10. Example of inertial strain • During an earthquake, if a rigid block is free-standing it will move freely in the direction opposite the ground movement. • If the block is solidly founded in the ground, it must absorb the inertial force internally and the result will be a crack near the base.

  11. EQ Resistant Building Designs • Engineers choose from various structural components when designing buildings to withstand earthquakes. • Examples include: • Diaphragms • Shear walls • Braced frames • Base isolation • Energy dissipation devices

  12. Diaphragms • Diaphragms are horizontal resistance elements, generally floors and roofs that transfer the lateral forces between the vertical resistance elements (shear walls or frames).

  13. Shear Walls • Shear walls are vertical walls that are designed to receive lateral forces, from diaphragms and transmit them to the ground.

  14. Braced Frames • A Braced Frame is a structural system which is designed primarily to resist wind and earthquake forces. • Members in a braced frame are designed to work in tension and compression, similar to a truss. • Braced frames are almost always composed of steel members.

  15. Base Isolation • A base isolated structure is supported by a series of bearing pads, which are placed between the buildings and building foundation.

  16. Energy dissipation devices • Dampers are mechanical devices designed to absorb kinetic energy. • Dampers are mechanical devices designed to absorb kinetic energy. • They are used in base isolation designs.

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