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Files, folders, directories, URLs, and IP addresses

Files, folders, directories, URLs, and IP addresses. Craig L. Zirbel Math 592 Spring 2008. File Structure. How to think of where files are stored, how they are grouped Either think of it as a tree or a nested structure. Macintosh / Windows.

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Files, folders, directories, URLs, and IP addresses

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  1. Files, folders, directories, URLs, and IP addresses Craig L. Zirbel Math 592 Spring 2008 Math 592 Spring 2008

  2. File Structure • How to think of where files are stored, how they are grouped • Either think of it as a tree or a nested structure Math 592 Spring 2008

  3. Macintosh / Windows • Graphical interface organizes files into nested folders. Data Adobe Windows Videos C drive Math 592 Spring 2008

  4. Paths and filenames in windows • Each file has a text string that tells where it is • C:\WINDOWS\DATA\DATAFILE.DAT • Everything before the filename is called the path • The letters at the end, after the last period, are called the extension Math 592 Spring 2008

  5. Paths and filenames in windows - 2 • In the original DOS (Disk Operating System), filenames and directory names could be no more than 8 letters long, and extensions only 3 letters. • Case was ignored, and all files were stored with uppercase. • This still persists, to some degree. Math 592 Spring 2008

  6. UNIX versus DOS • Files are grouped into directories, not folders • Directories can contain files or other directories • DOS: C:\WINDOWS\DATA\DATAFILE.DAT • UNIX: /25/zirbel/public_html/592/index.html • UNIX is case sensitive! Index.html differs from index.html • Think of it as a tree: 1 2 jsmith 591 public_html zirbel 592 25 index.html Math 592 Spring 2008

  7. Accessing your files on personal.bgsu.edu • When you have an account on personal.bgsu.edu, you have permission to put files, change files, and view files in a certain directory. • Mine is /25/zirbel • Let’s use WS_FTP to poke around a bit … Math 592 Spring 2008

  8. My “root” directory Math 592 Spring 2008

  9. My public_html directory Math 592 Spring 2008

  10. The 592 directory Math 592 Spring 2008

  11. The /25 directory Math 592 Spring 2008

  12. Change directory using ~zirbel • This is how to refer to your root directory even when you don’t know the complete path to it. Math 592 Spring 2008

  13. Cannot change to ~yonglin Math 592 Spring 2008

  14. Networking and addresses • personal.bgsu.edu is the network name of a computer • Following the syntax for paths and filenames, edu.bgsu.personal might be more appropriate, because it would go from general to specific. • personal.bgsu.edu/~zirbel refers to zirbel’s public_html directory, not zirbel’s root directory. • personal.bgsu.edu/~zirbel/592/index.htm • Case is important in filenames! Math 592 Spring 2008

  15. IP (Internet Protocol) addresses • Computers use numbers instead of words to identify computers on the network. Each has its own. • personal.bgsu.edu is 129.1.2.169 • Bgunix.bgsu.edu is 129.1.3.10 • When connected, my laptop is 129.1.87.20 • Webmail.bgsu.edu is 129.1.5.20 • Everything at BGSU begins with 129; here we go from general to specific. Math 592 Spring 2008

  16. File transfer protocol • There are programs that allow you to transfer files back and forth between two network computers • ftp on Unix and Windows • WS_FTP and WinSCP have GUI’s • Fetch on the Macintosh • Specify the remote computer and identify your username, give your password Math 592 Spring 2008

  17. Web browsers • These programs can bring certain files from a remote computer to your local computer and display them. That’s all they (used to) do! • The convention is that only files in a directory called public_html in your main directory are accessible to web browsers. • If you just specify a path, like http://personal.bgsu.edu/~zirbel it will assume you want the file called index.html or index.htm Math 592 Spring 2008

  18. Internet Terminology • URL Uniform Resource Locator • http: is a scheme name. It requests a Hypertext Transfer Protocol interaction. • //personal.bgsu.edu is the domain name • ftp: is another scheme, which requests an FTP interaction with the computer • telnet: requests an interactive terminal window, like the DOS command prompt Math 592 Spring 2008

  19. Operating systems • UNIX • DOS/Windows • Macintosh • LINUX Math 592 Spring 2008

  20. UNIX • Developed since late 1960’s • Volunteer effort, in part • Many useful utility programs, including sendmail • Stable, security against hackers • Networked for years! • Many (most?) web servers run UNIX Math 592 Spring 2008

  21. DOS / Windows • Developed since early 1980’s • Fairly open standard, so other companies can write software for it • Not much security until recently • Relatively new to networking • Many ways for hackers to break in, many hackers working on it Math 592 Spring 2008

  22. Macintosh • Developed by Apple since the early 1980’s • Closed standard; only Apple can write software for it • Reasonably good for small networks • Too small for hackers to worry about much Math 592 Spring 2008

  23. LINUX • A version of UNIX that can be installed on a PC • Virtually free • A strong competitor for Microsoft • Now the basis for Macintosh OS X Math 592 Spring 2008

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