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Foundations of Globalization

Foundations of Globalization. Key Ideas. 1. Imperialism. 2. Historic Globalization. 3. Mercantilism. 4. Capitalism. 5. Grand Exchange. 6. Industrial Revolution. What will we answer?. Why and how did globalization begin? How did the foundations of historical globalization affect people?

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Foundations of Globalization

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  1. Foundations of Globalization

  2. Key Ideas 1. Imperialism 2. Historic Globalization 3. Mercantilism 4. Capitalism 5. Grand Exchange 6. Industrial Revolution

  3. What will we answer? • Why and how did globalization begin? • How did the foundations of historical globalization affect people? • How might the use of a single number system contribute to globalization?

  4. Conflicting Theories • Some say globalization is as old as trade among peoples. • Others say it began in about 325 BCE when the Buddhist leader Chandragupta Maurya combined religion, trade, and military might to create a vast protected trading area in much of present-day India. • Still others say that globalization started in the 1100s when Genghis Khan, the Mongolian warrior-ruler, introduced the idea of fighting from horseback. • And many other experts date the rise of globalization to 1492, the year Christopher Columbus made his first trip to the Americas.

  5. Early Trade Routes • ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ • Ideas were also transported i.e. The Indo-Arabic number system is one example. • From Italy, this new system quickly spread throughout Europe — and today, it is used around the world.

  6. Empires of the Silk Road, 100 CE • Why might Italian merchants have been the first in Europe to use the Indo Arabic Number system?

  7. Ashutosh Sheshabalayaheads Europe-based IndiaAdvisory • First Round – Arab civilizations the first, they transferred knowledge of Indian science, medicine, literature, and mathematics to Europe. • Second Round – Late 1400’s, gave way to European technologies and set the stage for advancing ideas of Imperialism. • Third Round – Time after WWII, rapid growth of markets, China and India are economic powers. Nearly instant communication.

  8. Historic Globalization • 1492, the year Columbus discovered the new world • These ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ • At this time it is know as the period of _________________________________________.

  9. Kevin O’Rourkeand Jeffrey Williamson • In O’Rourke and Williamson’s view, globalization began in the 1800s, ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

  10. Columbus and the New World Two Points of View • Many Europeans regard Columbus as a hero who __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Many ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

  11. Analysis of Perspectives Let’s read the article: Chavez calls discovery of America the ‘biggest genocide ever’ Why would Chavez believe this? Write a paragraph analyzing the different perspectives on cultural contact between Europeans and First Nations people in the New World.

  12. How Historical Globalization Affected People

  13. Johannes Gutenberg • Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press • Changes were far reaching in Europe • spread new ideas about science, religion, politics, and philosophy across Europe.

  14. The Rise of Middle Class (5th to 18th centuries) • The Feudal System (Europe after the Dark Ages). • ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ • The economy was based on arrangements between the lords who owned large rural estates and the peasants or serfs who worked for them. • Many historians believe these townspeople and city dwellers were the earliest middle class

  15. Rise of Middle Class Con’t • The new found freedoms of the middle cl__________________________________________________________________________________.

  16. Results of the Middle Class • As the middle class grew larger and more influential, trade became even more important — and ________________________________________________________________________________.

  17. New Ideas and Technology • From about the 9th to the 13th century, Middle Eastern ____________________________________________________________________________________ • The introduction of large, square sails and the lateen • Improvements in navigational tools, such as the magnetic compass, the mariner’s astrolabe, the sextant, and maps. • Gunpowder, which was invented in China, was first used in European warfare in 1324.

  18. Think about the effects of each of these developments on trade and travel. Record one prediction about the significant role each development might play in the growth of globalization. Impact of Innovation

  19. Trade The Race to Establish Colonies • Why would countries with strong seafaring traditions have an advantage in the race to establish colonies?

  20. European Imperialism • The policy of extending a country’s power by acquiring _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ • Trade brought economic prosperity, and economic prosperity brought power.

  21. What is Mercantilism? ______________________________________________________ Raw Materials for low prices

  22. What is Mercantilism? • Is an economic system that attempts to increase a __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ • The government/state regulates trade and production to enable the state to become self-sufficient.

  23. Mercantilism continued… • Colonies provide raw materials to the parent country for the growth and profit of that countries industries. • Colonies exist to serve the parent country

  24. England and Colonial Needs England • Needs a ______________________________________________________________________________ • Needs a market for manufactured goods • Has a surplus of labor • Manufactures could be low cost Colonies • Needs a market for raw materials • Needs low cost manufactures • Has Raw Materials

  25. Results for the colonies Positives • New England Shipbuilding thrived • Tobacco producing colonies had a monopoly in England • _____________________________________________________________________________ Negatives • Colonial manufacturing was limited • Farmers received low prices for crops • _____________________________________________________________________

  26. Results for England • Colonial competition was curtailed • Benefited from the import and custom duties paid on goods • England had ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ • French and Dutch merchants still made off with materials produced in the colonies • Will be a source of tension between the Colonies and England, Opposition from Massachusetts

  27. Adam Smith • Attacked the mercantilist system • Advocated free international trade • ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ • The Father of Modern Capitalism • Wrote the book “The Wealth of Nations”.

  28. The slave trade

  29. Colonization • European countries established colonies, ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ • Settlers provided a pool of people to run the colony, supervise the gathering of resources, and protect the home country’s trading interests. • This disrupted the way of ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

  30. Two Biggest Factors of Contact • Disease • The Slave Trade

  31. Disease • Some estimates suggest that ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

  32. Does the evidence it provides support or refute estimates that as many as 10 million Indigenous people may have died as a result of contact?

  33. Efforts to Stop Destruction • Some Europeans, such as Bartolomé de Las Casas, were troubled by the destruction of Indigenous cultures. • After his disgust with Cuba Las Casas devoted his life to securing justice for Indigenous peoples. • One idea Las Casas regretted was his suggestion that Africans be imported to work on the new plantations.

  34. The Middle Passage

  35. Industrial revolution About 1750-1850

  36. Beginnings • Many small businesses were established leading up to the revolution. • There was a greater demand for the world’s goods. • Merchants were out to find new ways to produce goods to keep up with the demand. • ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. • This was called the domestic system.

  37. Beginnings • This system could not meet the demands of the people. • The necessity of producing goods on a large scale prompted the invention of many new machines that were driven by new sources of power. • Because the __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. • These changes to the domestic system lead to the development of the industrial Revolution.

  38. Technology • The Industrial Revolution did not happen over night. • There was a gradual change in _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ • Improved methods in mining was one of the earliest uses of large scale technology. • ___________________________________needed to produce iron to make machinery. • The steam engine was developed in order to transport coal from one area to another. It replaced the horse and wagon and was much more efficient.

  39. Why the Revolution Began in England • It was the only country with the conditions necessary for the change from the domestic system to the factory system. • There was a plentiful supply of labour. • There were many harbours, natural resources, and a favorable climate. • England ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. • England’s large rich population were able to buy the products produced. • The government of England was a democracy that favoured this change.

  40. Inventions That Changed Life • There were many inventions that changed the textile industry. They increased production and eliminated the number of people required to produce the same product. • Inventions furthered the ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ • Great steps were made in the area of land transportation. The improvement of roads made travel easier.

  41. How The Agricultural Revolution Began • This revolution occurred along side the industrial revolution. • Advancements in farming such as the open field system, made harvesting crops more efficient. • The enclosure movement set out to improve the land distribution system by private ownership. • These systems promoted the invention of new technology now that one individual was responsible for a section of land. • This search for new more ____________________________________________________________________________________________________.

  42. The Industrial and Agricultural Revolutions occurred simultaneously (at the same time) AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

  43. Benefits of the Revolution • More and better food, clothing and shelter. • As living conditions improved, so did populations in cities. • Death rate was lowered as health conditions improved. • Creation of new forms of business. • Corporations were created. (a business organization formed by people given permission to sell stock. • People began investing money in business, in hope of making a profit. • Rise of a powerful middle class.

  44. Problems of the Revolution • The lower class became the workers that supported the middle class. • Workers were only concerned with wages, hours, and conditions of work. • Factory wages were too low to support a family. • Workers worked long hours in unhealthy and dirty conditions. • Employment was uncertain, because the economy was very unstable. • New machines took the place of workers which created unemployment. • City conditions were poor because they did not have adequate systems to deal with waste.

  45. Laissez Faire System • Factory workers faced poor living and working conditions, unemployment, and starvation. • Laissez Faire means “Hands Off”. • This Ideal wanted to keep government from controlling businesses and economic conditions. • The theory was that government should not interfere with business because it was good for commerce and industry. • This ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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