What is ‘knowledge management’?

1. What is ‘knowledge management’? Professor T.D. Wilson

3. An early definition • “By knowledge management I mean public policy for the production, dissemination, accessibility, and use of information as it applies to public policy formulation.” (Henry 1974: 189)

4. After 1974 • A special issue of Public Administration Review in 1975. • A trickle of papers – mainly in public administration – one a year to 1977 • Silence – between 1978 and 1986

6. The 80s ‘bubble’ • 13 papers with km in the title published between 1986 and 1992 • Artificial intelligence, expert systems, etc. • Information systems development • Policy issues

7. Consultancy push • The consultancy push from 1995 was based on a recession in the industry which made it necessary to sell something new. • The consultancies have now lost interest in the subject – the pages they had on ‘knowledge management’ have now disappeared and, for the most part, only ‘historic’ documents are on their Websites

8. Sveiby’s view • I don't believe knowledge can be managed. Knowledge Management is a poor term, but we are stuck with it, I suppose. "Knowledge Focus" or "Knowledge Creation" (Nonaka) are better terms, because they describe a mindset, which sees knowledge as activity not an object. It is a human vision, not a technological one. (Sveiby, 2001)

9. The spread to academia • Picked up by management schools and information systems departments • Proponents lacked previous experience or research in information management • New terms for old concepts: • Library becomes ‘knowledge repository’ • Book becomes ‘knowledge object’ • Information audit becomes ‘knowledge audit’

10. A recent statement • [One of the key issues was] ...the dissemination but yet disconnection of the different pieces of knowledge generated during a research project; that situation leads to a wide range of unstructured data and documents, often in paper format, stored in personal folders and categorized according to personal classification schemes.(Srikantaiah & Koenig, 2008)

11. An example • The reach of the new technology for information sharing:  Many factors have transformed the way in which organizations now view information, but perhaps the pivotal development has been the dramatically extended reach of know-how through new information technology. Rapidly falling costs of communications and computing and the extraordinary growth and accessibility of the World Wide Web present new opportunities for information-based organizations, to share information more widely and cheaply than ever before. Information sharing is thus enabling — and forcing — institutions that are international in the scope of their operations, to become truly global in character by enabling information transfer to occur across large distances within a very short time

12. The original • The reach of the new technology for knowledge sharing:  Many factors have transformed the way in which organizations now view knowledge, but perhaps the pivotal development has been the dramatically extended reach of know-how through new information technology. Rapidly falling costs of communications and computing and the extraordinary growth and accessibility of the World Wide Web present new opportunities for knowledge-based organizations, to share knowledge more widely and cheaply than ever before… Knowledge sharing is thus enabling — and forcing — institutions that are international in the scope of their operations, to become truly global in character by enabling knowledge transfer to occur across large distances within a very short time. (Denning, 1998)

13. ‘KM’ means what you want it to mean • You want to push an information strategy in your organization – call it a ‘knowledge strategy’. • You want to get a paper into a journal on expert systems – call the expert system a ‘knowledge management’ system. • You want to persuade the university authorities to put money into the development of your department – tell them you intend to offer new courses on ‘knowledge management’, • and so on, and so on.

14. Sveiby • Knowledge management is made up of two strands: • The management of information, and • The management of people.

15. Analysis of journals – 2003 • Knowledge Management in Electronic Government - 14 • Journal of the Operational Research Society - 5 • Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems, Pt 1, Proceedings - 5 • International Journal of Technology Management - 3 • Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence - 2 • Automation in Construction - 2 • Computers in Industry - 2 • Decision Sciences - 2 • Information Systems Management - 2 • Journal of Computer Information Systems - 2 • Total Quality Management - 2

16. Analysis of journals 2007

17. Subject distribution of papers

18. Earl’s investigation • Yet nearly 15 years on [i.e., from the early 90s], the promise of knowledge management has yet to be realised. There is a dearth of outstanding success stories, where original goals were achieved or sustainable value was created. • It is not unusual to visit companies claiming knowledge management successes only to find some worthy efforts lacking any lasting impact. More often, a company has simply relabelled a new IT application as a knowledge management initiative. (Earl 2004)

19. Academic programmes • … a discipline that takes a comprehensive, systematic approach to the information assets of an organization by identifying, capturing, collecting, organizing, indexing, storing, integrating, retrieving and sharing them. (Kent State University, 2008)

20. Conclusion I • Knowledge cannot be managed: • Peter Drucker: knowledge is between two ears and only between two ears. • What we produce on the basis of what we know is a ‘message’ – voice, print, electronic, etc. The message needs to be understood by the receiver before it can affect his or her ‘knowledge’ – knowledge cannot be transferred directly.

21. Conclusion II

22. Obrigado!