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CHAPTER 7 SECTION 7.1: Life is Cellular

CHAPTER 7 SECTION 7.1: Life is Cellular. Robert Hooke: Discovered cells in 1665 Looked at cork with a microscope. Anton van Leewenhoek looked at pond water with a microscope. Wee Beasties!!!. MOST CELLS ARE MICROSCOPIC. CALCULATING TOTAL MAGINIFICATION WITH THE CONPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE:

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CHAPTER 7 SECTION 7.1: Life is Cellular

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  1. CHAPTER 7SECTION 7.1: Life is Cellular

  2. Robert Hooke: • Discovered cells in 1665 • Looked at cork with a microscope

  3. Anton van Leewenhoek looked at pond water with a microscope

  4. Wee Beasties!!!

  5. MOST CELLS ARE MICROSCOPIC

  6. CALCULATING TOTAL MAGINIFICATION WITH THE CONPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE: • Power of the eyepiece lens x power of the objective lens = total magnification • Our eyepieces have a 10x lens • Our microscopes have four objective lenses: • 4x _____ • 10x _____ • 40x _____ • 100x _____

  7. COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE

  8. WHAT IF WE NEED TO SEE SOMETHING SMALLER THAN THE LIGHT MICROSCOPE CAN DISPLAY? • Viruses • Organelles • Many other things • Electron microscopes! • Transmission electron microscopes (TEM) shows images of slices of specimens • Scanning electron microscopes (SEM ) shows 3D images of whole specimens

  9. Liver cell Red blood cells mitocondrion HIV virus

  10. The CELL THEORY: • All living things are made of cells • Nerve cells • Skin cells • Muscle cells • blood cells • Single celled organisms (bacteria)

  11. 2. The cell is the basic unit of life; all living things are made of cells

  12. 3. All cells come from other cells

  13. PROKARYOTES VERSUS EUKARYOTES: • ALL cells have: • A plasma membrane • Cytoplasm • DNA • Ribosomes • In addition, ALL Eukaryotes have: • A nucleus • Membrane-bound organelles • All plants, animals, fungi, and protists • Prokaryotes do NOT have: • A nucleus • Membrane bound organelles • All bacteria

  14. WHAT IS IN A CELL? • Cytoplasm • organelles

  15. PROKARYOTES:

  16. THE ANIMAL CELL:

  17. THE NUCLEUS

  18. CHROMATIN

  19. NUCLEAR ENVELOPE AND NUCLEAR PORES

  20. ORGANELLES THAT STORE, CLEAN UP, AND SUPPORT • Vacuoles and vesicles • Food storage: food vacuole • Water storage: large central vacuole

  21. WASTE VACUOLES: • Contractile vacuoles • Removes excess water from aquatic single celled organisms • Example: Paramecium

  22. Lysosomes: • Small sacs that contain digestive enzymes • Break down proteins, lipids, carbohydrates • Also break down damaged organelles • Important in ‘sculpting’ embryos

  23. Vesicles

  24. CYTOSKELETON: • Web of proteins that: • Gives the cell shape • Helps move materials within the cell • Helps the cell itself move • Made of: • Actin • Myosin • tubulin

  25. Microfilaments • Made of actin • Are constantly being built, broken down, and rebuilt

  26. Microtubules • Made of tubulin • Also helps the cell keep • its shape • Helps in cell division • Mitotic spindle

  27. CENTRIOLES • Found in animal cells, NOT in plant cells! • Help with organization during cell division

  28. CILIA AND FLAGELLA: • Both allow a cell to move • Cells have one or the other, but not both • CILIA: • Many • short

  29. Flagella • One or two • Long!

  30. ORGANELLES THAT BUILD PROTEIN: • Ribosomes • Made of RNA and protein • Make proteins using instructions from DNA • Some ribosomes are floating free in the cytoplasm (‘free ribosomes’) • Some ribosomes are attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

  31. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM: • Made of membranes • Membranes are made here • Two types:

  32. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) • Proteins are made here, on the ribosomes that are attached to the membranes • These proteins actually go inside the RER where they are modified • All proteins that leave the cell are made here

  33. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) • Does not have ribosomes on its surface • Detoxify cells • Make membranes

  34. GOLGI APPARATUS: (sometimes called Golgi ‘body’ or Golgi ‘complex’) • Formed by a stack of sacs made of membranes • Modifies, sorts, packs, and ‘ships’ molecules made by other organelles • Vesicles containing those molecules ‘bud’ off the Golgi and travel to other place inside the cell OR travel to the plasma membrane and release their molecules outside the cell

  35. ORGANELLES THAT CAPTURE AND RELEASE ENERGY! • Mitochondria (found in animals AND plants!) • Chloroplasts (only found in plants)

  36. Mitochondria Structure:

  37. Chloroplast Structure:

  38. CELLULAR BOUNDARIES: • Cell walls: prokaryotes and plant cells • Provides shape • Provides support • Are OUTSIDE the plasma membrane • NOTE: cells that have cell walls also have plasma membranes: ALL cells have plasma membranes! • In plants, cell walls are made of cellulose Cell wall

  39. Cell membrane (plasma membrane) • Surrounds ALL cells!!!! • Made of phospholipids • Selectively permeable

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