WINDSOR UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE St.Kitts

1. WINDSOR UNIVERSITYSCHOOL OF MEDICINESt.Kitts DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY UPPER LIMB Dr. SREEKANTH THOTA Hand

2. HAND • The hand is the region of the upper limb distal to the wrist joint. • It is subdivided into three parts: • 1. Wrist • 2.Metacarpus • 3.Digits (five fingers including the thumb). • The hand has an anterior surface (palm) and a dorsal surface (dorsum of hand).

3. Carpal tunnel and structures at the wrist • The carpal tunnel is formed anteriorly at the wrist by a deep arch formed by the carpal bones and the flexor retinaculum.

4. Carpal arch • The base of the carpal arch is formed medially by the pisiform and the hook of the hamate and laterally by the tubercles of the scaphoid and trapezium.

5. Flexor retinaculum • flexor retinaculum is a thick connective tissue ligament that bridges the space between the medial and lateral sides of the base of the arch and converts the carpal arch into the carpal tunnel.

6. Structure and relations • Four tendons of the flexor digitorumprofundus • Four tendons of the flexor digitorumsuperficialis • One tendon of the flexor pollicislongus • Median nerve

7. Carpal tunnel syndrome • Carpal tunnel syndrome is an entrapment syndrome caused by pressure on the median nerve within the carpal tunnel.

8. Palmaraponeurosis • The palmaraponeurosis is a triangular-shaped condensation of deep fascia that covers the palm and is anchored to the skin in distal regions. • The apex of the triangle is continuous with the palmarislongus tendon.

9. Dupuytren Contracture of Palmar Fascia • Dupuytren contracture is a disease of the palmar fascia resulting in progressive shortening, thickening, and fibrosis of the palmar fascia and aponeurosis.

10. Compartments of palm • 1. Hypothenar compartment • 2. Thenar compartment • 3. Central compartment • 4. Adductor compartment • 5.Interosseous compartment

11. Muscles • The intrinsic muscles of the hand are located in five compartments • All of the intrinsic muscles of the hand are innervated by the deep branch of the ulnarnerve except for the three thenar and two lateral lumbricalmuscles, which are innervated by the median nerve.

12. Muscles of the HandThenar Muscles

13. Muscles of the HandHypothenar Muscles

14. Palmaris brevis Action: Improves grip

15. Thenar and hypothenar Muscles

16. Adductor pollicis • Action: • Adducts thumb towards middle digit

17. Movements of thumb

18. Movements of thumb • Extension: extensor pollicislongus, extensor pollicisbrevis • Flexion: flexor pollicislongus and flexor pollicisbrevis • Abduction: abductor pollicislongus and abductor pollicisbrevis. • Adduction: adductor pollicis • Opposition: opponenspollicis.

19. Muscles of the Hand Short Muscles

20. Lumbrical muscles

21. Dorsal interossei Action of Dorsal Interossei : DAB : Abduction

22. Palmarinterossei Action of Palmarinterossei : PAD :Adduction

23. Spaces of palm • Midpalmar space is continuous with the anterior compartment of the forearm via the carpal tunnel.

24. Fibrous digital sheaths • Within each tunnel, the tendons are surrounded by a synovial sheath. The synovial sheaths of the thumb and little finger are continuous with the sheaths associated with the tendons in the carpal tunnel

25. Tenosynovitis Tenosynovitis is the inflammation of the fluid-filled sheath that surrounds a tendon. Symptoms of tenosynovitis include pain, swelling and difficulty moving the particular joint where the inflammation occurs.

26. Arteries of hand • Blood supply to the hand is by the radial and ulnar arteries, which form two interconnected vascular arches (superficial and deep) in the palm.

27. Ulnar artery and superficial palmar arch Superficial palmar arch: Ulnar artery+ palmar branch of radial artery

28. Radial artery and deep palmar arch • Deep palmar arch: Deep palmar branch of ulnar artery+ radial artery

29. Allen's test • To test for adequate anastomoses between the radial and ulnar arteries, compress both the radial and ulnar arteries at the wrist, then release pressure from one or the other, and determine the filling pattern of the hand.

30. Veins • 1.Dorsal venous network • 2. Cephalic vein • 3. Basilic vein

31. Nerves • The hand is supplied by the ulnar, median, and radial nerves.

32. Ulnar nerve • Immediately distal to the pisiform, ulnar nerve divides into a deep branch, which is mainly motor and a superficial branch, which is mainly sensory. Deep branch: supplies the interossei, adductor pollicis, and the two medial lumbricals. Superficial branch: supply skin on the palmar surface of the little finger and the medial half of the ring finger

34. Ulnar nerve injury • The ulnar nerve is most commonly injured at two sites: • 1. Elbow • 2. wrist • Clawing of the hand: • Metacarpophalangeal joints of the fingers are hyperextendedand the interphalangeal joints are flexed.

35. Clawing of the hand

36. Ulnar Canal Syndrome (Guyon Tunnel Syndrome) • Compression of the ulnar nerve may occur at the wrist where it passes between the pisiform and the hook of the hamate.

37. Median nerve • The median nerve is the most important sensory nerve in the hand because it innervates skin on the thumb, index and middle fingers, and lateral side of the ring finger. • Branches: • 1. Recurrent branch: innervates the three thenar muscles • 2. Palmar digital nerves: In addition to skin, the digital nerves supply the lateral two lumbrical muscles

39. Ape hand • Refers to a deformity in which thumb movements are limited to flexion and extension of the thumb in the plane of the palm. • Severance of median nerve paralyzes the thenar muscles and the thumb loses much of its usefulness.

40. Superficial branch of the radial nerve • The only part of the radial nerve that enters the hand is the superficial branch. • Innervates skin over the dorsolateral aspect of the palm and the dorsal aspects of the lateral three and one-half digits distally to approximately the terminal interphalangeal joints.

41. Superficial branch of the radial nerve