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OCR B Case Studies 2014. Population and Settlement . Ageing population - UK. Impacts of ageing population - UK. Ageing UK . Case Study – Youthful The Gambia. Case Study – Youthful The Gambia. Case Study – Youthful The Gambia. Case Study – Managed Thailand. Case Study – Managed Thailand.
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Economic Development Case Studies
Close to major airports, so links to the rest of the World The corridor is home to companies such as Hewlett Packard and Sony who are involved in research and development (quaternary industry) and have links with universities who provide well-qualified graduates. Factors that influence economic activity (quaternary) MEDC - M4 Corridor The M4 corridor (Heathrow airport in the east to Bath and Bristol in the west). Also known as the ‘Sunrise Strip’ Companies that are on the M4 corridor, 02 in Slough, Microsoft, INg direct and Ericsson are in Reading. Vodafone in Newbury and Orange in Bristol. It creates billions of pounds to the UK economy. Few raw materials are used and therefore transport costs are low, making the industries 'footloose‘ (not tied to a particular location) Generally attractive environment, trees, lakes, modern buildings. Pleasant to work and live in! Grows the economy of the local towns, where employers live. Professional workers selected from Uni’s nearby, eg. Oxford/Cambridge
Factors that influence economic activity (primary) LEDC - Flower Industry Kenya 500,000 flower employees in Kenya • Why is Kenya perfect for the flower industry? • -Warm dry climate perfect for growing, can grow all year • -Fertile soil • Water supply from the surrounding lakes • Cheap labour for the picking and packaging • Lack of laws linked to work and health/safety • Little tax from the government • Good transport links to ship the flowers to Europe FLOWER GROWING AREAS IN KENYA The main production areas are around Lake Naivasha, Mt. Kenya, Nairobi, Thika, Kiambu, Athi River, Kitale, Nakuru, Kericho, Nyandarua, Transzoia, Uasin Gichu and Eastern Kenya. Negatives to Kenya -poor wages mean little income Poor working conditions Removal of water supply to local people (Masi Merai), drought for most Kenyans -Export prices are half that of Europe import prices, leading some to suspect Kenya may be losing up to £310m a year -Workers are using banned chemicals which are making them ill -Use of fertilizers is poisoning wildlife and water supply The main flowers exported from Kenyan RosesCarnations Spray and StandardStaticeAlstromeriaLiliesHypericum Majority are exported to Europe, largely Netherlands The flower industry is one of the top foreign exchange earners for the country generating approximately US$ 1 billion annually. Positives to Kenya -Increase in wealth in the area -Income to generate development (schools, healthcare) -Fastest growing industry in Kenya, continual growth since the 1970s -Increasing fair trade companies Kenya Flower Council (KFC) now monitoring industry, code of practice for workers giving them a better deal (h&s,training, pay)
Conflict between economic activity & the environment The Pearl Delta -China The Pearl Delta is in the Republic of China in the low-lying area surrounding the Pearl River estuary where the Pearl River flows into the South China Sea. It is one of the most densely urbanised regions in the world and one of the main hubs of China's economic growth. The Pearl River Delta is notoriously polluted, with sewage and industrial waste. (Treatment facilities are failing to keep up with the growing population). The Pearl River Delta has become the world's workshop and is a major manufacturing base for products such as electronic products (such as watches and clocks), toys, garments and textiles, plastic products, and a range of other goods. Much of the area is frequently covered with a brown smog. This has a strong effect on the pollution levels in the delta. In October 2009, Greenpeace released a report, "Poisoning the Pearl River" that detailed the results of a study it conducted. All samples they took contained hazardous properties including heavy metals such as beryllium, copper and manganese. These substances are associated with a long list of health problems such as cancer, endocrine disruption, renal failure and damage to the nervous system as well being known to harm the environment. Nearly five percent of the world's goods were produced in the Greater Pearl River Delta in 2001. Over 70,000 Hong Kong companies have plants there. The industries in the delta make over US$448 billion a year In 2007, the World Bank approved a $96 million loan to the Chinese government to reduce water pollution in the Pearl River Delta. 7.1 billion was spent on the river by mid 2010 to clean up the river's sewage problems. The city will build about 30 water treatment plants, which will treat 2.25 million tonnes of water per day. The program hopes to cut down the amount of sewage in the area by 85%, Pollution is a great risks to the Chinese White Dolphins that inhabit the area.
A Multi-National Company (MNC) Nike Nike s the world's leading supplier of sports footwear and equipment. The company was founded in 1972. The company name comes from the Greek word for 'victory'. Nike does not make any shoes or clothes itself but contracts out to factories in LEDCs. “Nike’s Wealth was built upon the backs of the worlds poor” • The numbers… • Yearly revenue of $19.2 billion (2009). • Products in 140 countries. • Contracts to 700 factories in 45 countries. • Employing 800.000 people in the supply chain. These subcontracted companies then act on their own and re-subcontract their operations in other Asian countries that give low wages and have no employment laws. E.g. Vietnam, The Philippines and Indonesia The average pay at a Nike factory close in Vietnam is $54 a month, 3x higher than other jobs. Children as young as 10 making shoes, clothing and footballs in Pakistan and Cambodia Nike has been accused of using child labor in the production of its soccer balls in Pakistan. In 1998 Nike changed the minimum age requirements to 17 yrs • Negatives of Nike • - Sweatshops • - Child labour. • - Hazardous working conditions • - Below subsistence wages. • Measures taken by Nike, • Code of conduct. • Decommissioning. • Auditing tools and task force. Nike have hired independent auditors to make sure that the company subcontractors are living up to Nike’s code of conduct.
A sustainable aid project Wateraid - Mali WaterAid is an international NGO (non-governmental organisation /charity) that focuses on the provision of safe domestic water, sanitation and hygiene education to the world's poorest people.. WaterAid's vision is of a world where everyone has access to safe domestic water and effective sanitation. In Mali, current national figures indicate that only 50% of the people have access to clean drinking water and only 4% of the population have access to adequate sanitation facilities (toilets). Women spend much of their time searching for water. Children also spend precious school hours looking for water at the expense of their education Wateraid works with local people & organisations, as they best know the local people. Mali’s environment is harsh and deteriorating. Rainfall levels are already low and falling further. Poor sanitation means bad health. Bacteria, viruses and parasites found in human waste are responsible for the transmission of cholera, typhoid and other infectious diseases that kill millions of people each year. The problem is huge in both urban and rural areas Wateraid integrate water, sanitation & hygiene projects 65% of the country is desert or semi-desert In Mali, the water industry is privatised but often fails to the provide water to rural and urban aeas. Health has now improved include reducing the deaths from diarrhoea – 65% improvement Education is now improving, money is being invested into the infrastructure Wateraid is first targeting Slums in Mali’s capital, it wants to show the government that projects in slums are easy to set up and sustainable. Wateraid employs local people, who they are training up to maintain the system and raise money to keep it running. Then invest in the community – THIS IS SUSTAINABLE WaterAid started pilot projects in Mali in 2001
Rivers & Coasts Case Studies
Long Profile of a river River Tees - North East England River Management -Long history of flash flooding -Cow green reservoir, controls water supply for industries along the river -Straighten the river for easier navigation during the industrial revolution Flood protection schemes in Yarn 85 miles in length It drains an area of 710 square miles Industry located in the Lower course so need for management River flows east ward Upper Course -Source high in the Pennines (893m above sea level) -High run off as steep V shaped valleys of impermeable rock -High rainfall – good water supply -Many tributaries -Famous high fall waterfall – tallest in England 21 metres high -Gorges, rapids and potholesat Low force Lower Course -Very urbanised and large populations. Eg Yarn -Important wildlife seals & migratory birds also SSSI -Ox bow lakes -Large oil, gas and petrochemical industries (as flat land) -Natural Levees formed due to silt build up -Mouth is in the North sea -Wide Mudflat estuary (tidal) -Huge water sports complex Tees Barrage Middle Course -Clear widening and meandering -Meanders cut off in the 19th century -Sides become less steep -Lateral erosion
6cm (2ins) of rain fell in two hours MEDC Flood Boscastle 2004 Very Short Lag Time Largely economical impacts New Management & defence -£4.6m scheme includes: raise car park to safer level; move & raise bridge; widen & lower the river bed to increase the amount of water it can hold -Removing of dead vegetation to stop blocking of the river -‘At risk’ properties – encouraged to use more flood resistant material, raise height of electrical wiring etc -Environment Agency – flood warning system + information -Council runs special advice days, encouraging people to have an emergency evacuation pack & to take out insurance. Council has an emergency action plan. Since 2004 – flooding again, still damage but not as damaging as this event Reasons for the flooding PHYSICAL -A very wet August (2 times average rain) SO the ground was already saturated -Impermeable rocks & thin soils -Steep slopes – rapid runoff -Confluence of Rivers Valency & Jordan is just above the village -A very high tide – made it difficult for water to flow out to sea HUMAN -Bridges were low so acted a a dam - debris such as tree trunks caught on them water piled up until it burst through in a great wave -Many buildings & roads were positioned close to the river so more property damage Clear rescue and relief • Primary Impacts • 50+ cars, and caravans were swept out to sea • a wall of water swept through the village destroying everything in its path • 6 buildings were swept away • Many other houses, shops etc were flooded, with mud + sewage as well as water; possessions also ruined • Roads under 2.75m of water • No deaths, few serious injuries • Secondary Impacts • 90% of economy dependent on tourism > lost money >20 accommodation providers & tourist attractions/shops forced to shut • Insurance companies pay out £20 million
LEDC Flood Bangladesh 2004 60% of Dhaka flooded • Characteristics of Bangladesh • -Lays mainly on floodplains, so flat land • Most of the land lies 6metres below sea • -3 main rivers- The Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna. • -Monsoon season evey year – high concentrated rainfall in a few months (June to September). -1,800mm and 2,600mm rain a year. -Poverty is a huge issue in Bangladesh-low literacy rate -Flooding occurs naturally in Bangladesh -Snow from the Himalayas melts each year and increase river discharge -Sediment blocks up the river and causes flooding -Deforestation in the forest increases run off and reduces lag time -Cyclones occur in the Bay of Benegal and causes coastal flooding -Densely populated areas meaning increase in deaths Social impacts -36 million people were made homeless -People died as a result of disease because they had no access to clean water.-Impacted on rural farmers and urban slum dwellers the most. -Over 800 died with many more from disease Economic impacts -serious damage to infrastructure – roads, bridges, embankments, railway lines, irrigation systems-All domestic and internal flights had to be suspended during July-Value of damage was assessed as being in region of $2.2 billion of 4% of total GDP for 2004 Response and management -Reliance on Ngo support – financial and emergency supplies –UN disaster management support -Self help schemes promoted -local community early warning system implemented, plus shelters -Increasing use of levees to protect field and villages -Increasing monitoring to reduce the impact as happens every year. -encourage farmers to build homes on stilts. Environmental impacts During July and August approximately 38% of the total land area was flooded including 800,000 ha of agricultural land and DhakaFloods caused river bank erosion especially on embankment areas close to the main channels, soil erosion, water-logging, water contamination The 2004 floods lasted from July to September and covered 50% of the country at their peak.
Multi-Use of the coast Poole Bay/Harbour, Dorset Energy -Furzey Island is home to the well hidden oil well and gathering station for Wytch Farm - Britain's largest onshore oil development. Oil and gas are exported, was previously BP now Perenco. -There is a proposal to build an off-shore wind farm just outside of Poole Bay, yet this has been meet with much hostility. Residential -Sandbanks and Hamworthy (12,000) are the most built up areas of Poole Bay. -With a small population in Studland and Brownsea Island -Sandbanks is famous for having the 4th most expensive land value in the World. Nature conservation -Studland and Brownsea island all have rare species and plant life. See Studland case study for examples. Brownsea, like Studland is owned by the national trust. Particularly important for bird life and red squirrels. -Green Island is a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and Special Protection Area (SPA) -Studland and Brownsea Island are all protected by various organisations due to their environmental significance. Transport -Poole harbour is the second largest natural harbour in the World. -There are commercial trips within the harbour as well as an international ferry terminal to Cherbourg, Brittany and the Channel Islands (Jersey, Guernsey) -Run by Condor and Brittany ferries Recreational -A wide range of sporting activities due to the calm bay within the Harbour and the actual coast. -Windsurfing is the most popular watersport., alongside sailing. -The RNLI offer lifeguarding service on the main beaches. Industry -Sunseeker is the largest company in Poole Harbour, with the production of the large luxury boats. There are 7 shipyards, employs over 2,500 locals. - Other boat repairs, dredging and cargo industries operate in the area.
Coastal Management Sandbanks Human uses/ facilities -safe swimmers-bathing-only zone -Wide selection of watersports, include windsurfing -Volleyball posts and nets -RNLI lifeguards -Cafes, bars and ice cream kiosks -Crazy golf & park - Hotels Sandbanks is a low lying spit in Poole Harbour, it is the second largest natural harbour in the World. Erosion takes place due to longshore drift and the tidal currents in the harbour. Moves generally west to east (moving to Bournemouth) Increasing sand dunes with marram grass and sand lizards five kilometres of golden sand Soft Engineering -First hard engineering in 1876 with wooden groynes, worked well but fell into disrepair. -Six new Purbeck stone rock groynes were built which successfully reversed the shrinking beach. Local material, more sustainable. Cost £3million -Beach replenishment in 1970, 74, 88, 89, 2003 - During the winter of 2005/06 the beaches were replenished with 1.65 million tonnes of beach material from Poole Harbour dredging operation. The harbour needs dredging to allow commercial shipping so the sand is brought onto Sandbanks (recycling?) Cost £10 million -Increased the beach width by 50 metres, so successful -Local council regularly move sand from the promenade (that has been blown) back onto the sand- regular management • Why is there need to protect? • Blue flag awarded beach >attracts millions to the area • It has flown the European Blue Flag more times than any other British resort – 24 years • Strong economical value for tourism for the local area • 4th most expensive land value in the World, expensive property that contribute to he local economy. Between 1984 and 2000 a total of 29 metres of sand had been lost from the width of the beach.
Managed Retreat & conflict Happisburgh, Norfolk Eroding 12metres each year -A small village with a pub , tea shop, lighthouse, church and homes -850 population -Mainly farmland -No main roads -Historic records indicate that over 250 m of land were lost between 1600 and 1850. -The cliffs are soft clay, so erode very quickly. Weathering increases the erosion rate. The location of Happisburgh causes increasing problems with powerful waves from the North sea, which creates landslides from eroding the base of the cliff. By 2055, loss of 20 more properties Loss of caravan park and farmland Conflict from managed retreat -To repair revetment cost £5 million, not cost effective -Farmers lose land and livelihood -Insurance companies won’t pay out -Increasing protest from locals to central government but g’ment has said no. -Defences would cost more than the land and homes are worth. -Locals want compensation for the lack of management and for their homes collapsing into the sea. -The historical lighthouse has had to be moved further back from the edge of the cliff. -local campaign ‘buy a rock for Happisburgh’ to raise money for private defences. Old Management (all 40 years old) -Revetments – now damaged (from a storm) and not effective -Groynes were placed to stop the rate of erosion, however they are not helping enough. -Rock Armour – now little effectiveness Increasing climate change and sea level rise are impacting and increasing erosion Managed Retreat- monitor but no management
Conservation on the Coast -Special environment Studland, Dorset Rare species Bee wolf Purbeck Mason wasp Dragonflty Smooth snake Adders Sand lizards Dartford Warblers Seahorse -The nature reserve is an area of sand dunes. These are dynamic, but often unstable and vulnerable environments. home to rare species of plants and birds - Identified as a National Nature Reserve (NNR) and Site of special scientific interest (SSSI) -Owned by The National Trust -In 2001 Studland had a population of 480, the lowest in 50 years. -Sheltered from wind so sand is deposited and trapped to create dunes , 5km of beach -Forested area, Studland heath, marsh and sand dunes. -Little sea is the lake located within the heath and forested area. Human Use -wide, sandy beach attracts millions of tourists, can be 25,000 each day -Car parks, café, shops -Sailing jetty -Beach huts -Education centre -Horse riding and water sports. -Naturist area -Locals – small village with few amenities -Ferry from Sandbanks Issues -Litter -Pollutions from cars, water and noise -Fire hazards from BBQs and cigarette butts -Major fire in 2009 that left utter devastation to the ecosystem -Conflict between users those that want to use for more activities and environmentalists. In addition locals become inundated during the Summer months. Management -Litter -Planting of marram grass to stabilise the dunes , plus fencing -Boardwalks have been created to reduce trampling -Limited car parks to reduce the damage to the beach -Fire beaters placed throughout the area to reduce damage from fire -Litter and recycling bins -Several info boards to educate -Also gabions and rock armour to protect from wave erosion covers an area of 631 hectares
