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Human Physiology and Alcohol

Human Physiology and Alcohol. Physiology of Alcohol. The biological science of essential & characteristic life processes, activities & functions Endogenous Alcohol Absorption Distribution Elimination. Physiology Overview. Endogenous alcohol production Absorption Distribution

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Human Physiology and Alcohol

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  1. Human Physiology and Alcohol Rev 3.09

  2. Physiology of Alcohol • The biological science of essential & characteristic life processes, activities & functions • Endogenous Alcohol • Absorption • Distribution • Elimination Rev 3.09

  3. Physiology Overview • Endogenous alcohol production • Absorption • Distribution • Elimination • metabolism • excretion Rev 3.09

  4. Routes of Alcohol • Inhalation • Injection • Absorption • Insertion • Ingestion Rev 3.09

  5. Gastrointestinal Tract Absorption • Mouth • 5 % • Stomach • 25% • Small Intestine • 70% Rev 3.09

  6. Absorption and Distribution

  7. Absorption Process • Passive process • Migrate from HIGH concentration to LOW concentration • Migrates as unchanged molecule • Across cell membranes • Enters blood supply- circulatory system to affect body Rev 3.09

  8. Migration of ETOH Low Conc High Conc x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Blood Stream Gastric Cell Membrane Rev 3.09

  9. Distribution • Alcohol distributed throughout body by circulatory system blood supply • Some organs receive more volume blood than others • some organs and body parts have more water content than others Rev 3.09

  10. Distribution A person with a BrAC of 0.100… • Urine 1.35% • Brain 1.17% • Blood Plasma 1.16% • Saliva 1.12% • Liver 0.91% • Fat Tissue 0.02% Rev 3.09

  11. ETOH Distribution Pathways Representation of Ethyl Alcohol Distribution Pathways Rev 3.09

  12. Male vs Female Each man consumes One fluid ounce Of Ethyl Alcohol More alcohol per pound of water in 100# male than 200# male 100# Male = 68% water 200# Male = 136% water 200# man must consume twice as much as the 100# man to attain the same alcohol concentration ______________________________________________________________________________________________ More alcohol per pound of water in 100# female than 100# male 100# male = 68% water 100# female = 55% water 100 # male must consume more alcohol than the 100# female to attain the same alcohol concentration

  13. Elimination (Part 1) • Metabolism • Alcohol Dehydrogenase Enzyme ADH • Produced by liver • Oxidizes or burns alcohol molecule • 95-98% alcohol in body is metabolized • Rate of 1 drink per hour, about 0.015 ?? 0.150 BrAC how long to reach 0.000 BrAC ?? Rev 3.09

  14. Elimination (Part2) • Direct Excretion • Alcohol directly excreted or passed out of body by: • Urine • Sweat • tears • saliva Rev 3.09

  15. Alcohol In / Out When drinking rate exceeds elimination rate, the brain becomes sedated Rev 3.09

  16. Widmark Formula • Eric Widmark Swedish scientist • Formula or Graph describes BAC level • Describes different phases • how many drinks in body at the time of the test • Dose related concept • Body weight • %BAC x Body Weight x 0.33 = # of drinks Rev 3.09

  17. ESTIMATED AMOUNT OF 80 PROOF LIQUOR NEEDED TO REACH GIVEN LEVELS OF ALCOHOL IN THE BLOOD

  18. Widmark Graph • Three parts of blood alcohol curve • absorptive phase • peak phase • elimination phase Rev 3.09

  19. General Alcohol Concentration Curve Peak Alcohol Concentration Elimination Phase Absorption Phase Time Rev 3.09

  20. Factors affecting Widmark curve • Food in the stomach • Amount or number of drinks consumed • Body weight • Time Rev 3.09

  21. Elimination Rate* * 150 LBS person drinking on an empty stomach Hours 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 .150 .150 Legally Intoxicated Stops Drinking .120 .100 .100 .090 .080 .080 Legally Impaired .050 .050 .000 .000 7 PM 8 PM 9 PM 10 PM 11 PM 12 AM 1 AM 2 AM 3 AM 4 AM 5 AM 6 AM 7 AM Absorption Elimination Rev 3.09

  22. Ethanol Absorption: Effect of Food in the Stomach EMPTY STOMACH Alcohol Concentration FULL STOMACH Time Rev 3.09

  23. Dose Related 10 DRINKS Alcohol Concentration 5 DRINKS TIME Rev 3.09

  24. Body Weight 110 LBS Alcohol Concentration 220 LBS TIME Rev 3.09

  25. Time Related Alcohol Concentration 10 DRINKS ONE HOUR 10 DRINKS TEN HOURS TIME Rev 3.09

  26. Alcohol Concentration LOWER at the Time of Test than at Time of Arrest Test Arrest Alcohol Concentration Time Rev 3.09

  27. Alcohol Concentration THE SAME at the Time of Test and Arrest Arrest Test Alcohol Concentration Time Rev 3.09

  28. Alcohol Concentration HIGHERat the Time of Test than Time of Arrest Test Arrest Alcohol Concentration Time Rev 3.09

  29. QUESTIONS? Rev 3.09

  30. PHARMACOLOGY OF ALCOHOL EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON THE HUMAN BODY

  31. EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL • DEPRESSANT - NOT A STIMULANT • DOSE RELATED • more drinks,greater influence, increased impairment • AFFECTS CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM • brain Rev 3.09

  32. Myths vs Facts alcohol • It is a Depressant • It has Calories • It decreases Mental and • Physical ability • In given amounts alcohol • affects individuals in different • ways • Time is the only way to sober • up • It will cause bodily damage if • consumed in excess • It is a Stimulant • It has Nutrients • It increases Mental and • Physical ability • In given amounts alcohol • affects individuals in the • same way • There are ways to sober • up quickly • Any amount will cause • bodily damage

  33. Greek & Roman Banquets

  34. First Description of Effects of Wine by Eubulus Health Revel Pleasure Black Eyes Sleep To Policemen Violence Biliousness Uproar Hurling Furniture

  35. EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL VISIBLE SIGNS VS INVISIBLE SIGNS Rev 3.09

  36. Ethanol and Your Brain 1 Vital Functions 3 2 Muscle Control 2 3 Higher Learning 1 Center Higher Learning Progression of Ethanol’s Sedative Effects Sequence of Mental Growth Vital Functions Muscle Control Rev 3.09

  37. Stages of Intoxication

  38. VISABLE SIGNS • Confusion • Sleepiness • Disorderly/sloppy appearance • Slurred, thick tongued speech • Nausea • Red, flushed face • Glassy, watery eyes, staring Rev 3.09

  39. The Role of Alcohol in Traffic Accidents (The Grand Rapids Study) 45 40 35 Relative Probability of Causing an Accident 30 25 Relative Probability 20 15 10 5 1 .00 .02 .04 .06 .08 .10 .12 .14 .16 .18 Rev 3.09 %BAC

  40. QUESTIONS? Rev 3.09

  41. Physiology of RespirationVital Processes • Function of Respiration • Mechanism of Respiration • Alveolar Sac • Henry’s Law Rev 3.09

  42. Exchange of ETOH Between Blood & Breath in the Alveolar Sacs of the Lungs Lung Space C2H5OH Blood Gas Exchange Rev 3.09

  43. Air In /Air Out Y 0 Rev 3.09

  44. Henry’s Law:The vapor pressure that a gas exerts above a liquid is directly proportional to the weight of the gas dissolved in the liquid at 34° C. • Chemical principle • partitioning ratio between gas and liquid phase • occurs at equilibrium • balance, no net change • occurs at 34oC • occurs in a breath sample Rev 3.09

  45. Henry’s Law • Simulator at 34ºC • alcohol and water mixture • 1 to 2100 ratio for alcohol • Similar to breath sample • Higher temp = higher reading • lower temp = lower reading Rev 3.09

  46. Liquid to Vapor 210L x Head Space – Measure alcohol in air x xx x x x x xx x x x x x x xxx xxx xxx x x x x xx x x x x x xx x x xx xx x x Measure liquid or alcohol in water using a 1/2100 proportion 100ml 1 molecule @ 34ºC equilibrium is reached between liquid and vapor 2100 molecules 2100 molecules Rev 3.09

  47. Henry’s Law Rev 3.09

  48. Henry’s Law • The alcohol breath test based on Henrys Law • Breath sample is “End Expiratory Air” from lungs • Partitioning ratio is 1 to 2100 • Breath has 1/ 2100th as much alcohol as found in blood • Blood has 2100 times as much alcohol as breath Rev 3.09

  49. Henry’s Law • Grams of alcohol per • BrAC = 210 liters breath • BAC = 100 mls of blood • Reported as Weight per Volume • grams alcohol /210 liters breath • grams alcohol / 100 milliliters blood Rev 3.09

  50. Advantages of Breath Testing • Immediate Results • Lower Cost • Non Invasive Procedure • No Medical Personnel Needed • Not Possible for Operator to Alter Results • Fewer Witnesses for Court Rev 3.09

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