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Mixing Water and Energy at the US/Mexico Border ________________ Martin J. Pasqualetti

Mixing Water and Energy at the US/Mexico Border ________________ Martin J. Pasqualetti Professor, School of Geographical Sciences & Urban Planning Senior Sustainability Scientist, Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability Arizona State University. 1-3 June 2014.

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Mixing Water and Energy at the US/Mexico Border ________________ Martin J. Pasqualetti

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  1. Mixing Water and Energy at the US/Mexico Border ________________ Martin J. Pasqualetti Professor, School of Geographical Sciences & Urban Planning Senior Sustainability Scientist, Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability Arizona State University 1-3 June 2014

  2. Background References • Scott Kelley and Martin J. Pasqualetti. 2013. Virtual Water from a Vanishing River. Journal – American Water Works Association. 105:9. September. • Martin J. Pasqualetti. 2012. Reading the Changing Energy Landscape. In Sustainable Energy Landscapes: Designing, Planning, and Development, Sven Stremke and Andy Van Den Dobbelsteen, eds. CRC Press, pp. 11-44. • Christopher Scott and Martin J. Pasqualetti. 2011. Energy and Water Resources Scarcity: Critical Infrastructure for Growth and Economic Development in Arizona and Sonora. Natural Resources Journal, 50 (3): 645-682. • Martin J. Pasqualetti. 2011. Social Barriers to Renewable Energy Landscapes. The Geographical Review , 101 (2). • Ron Pate and Martin J. Pasqualetti. Workshop on Climate Change and Energy, Water and Land Interactions November 7-8, 2011 Washington, DC • Martin J. Pasqualetti. 2001. Morality, Space, and the Power of Wind-Energy Landscapes, The Geographical Review, 90(3):381-394. • Martin J. Pasqualetti. 1980. Geothermal Energy and the Environment: The Global Experience, Energy: The International Journal, 5:111-165.

  3. Outline Part One - The Energy/Water Nexus Part Two - Imperial County Water Part Three - Imperial County Renewables Part Four - Imperial County Future

  4. Part One The Energy/Water Nexus

  5. Humanity’s Top 10 Problems for the Next 50 Years • Energy • Water • Food • Environment • Poverty • Terrorism and War • Disease • Education • Democracy • Population Source: Nobel laureate, Richard Smalley

  6. Water Withdrawals for Power Plant CoolingExceeds Any Other use

  7. Part Two Imperial County Water

  8. The Lower Colorado River Phoenix

  9. Imperial Valley and Salton Sea from Space

  10. Salton Sea and Surrounding Desert

  11. Precipitation Potential Evapotranspiration Source: Jose M. Güereña, Surface Water Resources for Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico. Analysis of the Sonora River.

  12. Colorado River Basin • 7 states • 30 million people • 4 million acres irrigated • 4,200 MW hydropower • 15 Native American Tribes • 7 National Wildlife Refuges • 4 National Recreation Areas • 5 National Parks

  13. CRB Demand Up, Supply Down Source: USBR, Doug Kenney

  14. Lake Powell at Full Pool

  15. Lake Powell at Present

  16. Problem #1Evaporation and Bank Storage at CRB Hydroelectric Reservoirs Lake Mead - 648,000 ac-ft/yr Lake Powell - 553,000 ac-ft/yr

  17. Problem #2 Transfers of Virtual Water from Electrical Generation in the Colorado River Watershed330,000 Ac-Ft/yr (407 Mm3/yr); ~ 50% exported outside the CRB) Source: Scott Kelley and Martin J. Pasqualetti. Virtual Water from a Vanishing River Journal – American Water Works Association. 105:9. September. 2013.

  18. Problem #3 – Imperial Valley water use Source: William Bowen

  19. Colorado River Diversions

  20. The Imperial Valley gets 20% of all the water from the Colorado River – more than Nevada and Colorado combined. It uses 5.6 acre-feet of water per acre per year. Imperial County, with a population of 175,000, gets 3.1 million acre-feet of water a year.

  21. Source: Imperial County: Agricultural Crop and Livestock Report, 2012 http://www.co.imperial.ca.us/ag/Departments_A/agricultural_crop_&_livestock_reports.htm

  22. Part Three Imperial County Renewables

  23. Three Important Renewable Resources Photo by: CLUI Centinela Solar Energy Project Photo by: John Gibbins U~T San Diego. Ocotillo Wind Farm Heber Geothermal Plant

  24. Imperial County Wind, Geothermal and Hydro Installations geothermal geothermal geothermal wind geothermal hydro Source: Energy Information Administration. http://www.eia.gov/state/?sid=CA

  25. Imperial CountySolar Projects Source: Center for Land Use Interpretation. http://www.clui.org/content/major-solar-power-plants-usa

  26. Rare and Valuable Synergies Neutralize Intermittency of wind and solar “THE BATTERY” Geothermal is available 98% of the time and can be dispatched at the request of power grid operators @ 2-3MW/minute

  27. *2013 ^2011 ***2014 ^* @ 20% capacity factor Sources: EIA Electricity Data Browser - http://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/browser/ CLUI - http://www.clui.org/content/major-solar-power-plants-usa

  28. Commercial Renewable Generation in the Imperial Valley

  29. Operational water consumption and withdrawal factors for electricity generating technologies Figure 1 from Operational water consumption and withdrawal factors for electricity generating technologies: a review of existing literature. J Macknick et al 2012 Environ. Res. Lett. 7 045802 doi:10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/045802

  30. Displace Agriculture with Electricity* • $787 million/yr in value** • This is more than 40% of the value of the agriculture, but with little water required. • 1/3 less water = 1 million ac-ft * Assuming little to no outside water used in generation. ** @ 13.5 cents/kWh average California price for electricity. Source: State Electricity Profiles (2012) - http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/

  31. Part Four Imperial County Futures

  32. Some People Oppose RE Source: http://www.windwiseradio.org/tag/ocotillo/

  33. While Others Encourage It Source: Loop-Net.com/geothermal-land/5/

  34. Sequence of Acceptance of RE Based on research by Maarten Wolsink Martin J. Pasqualetti. 2001. Morality, Space, and the Power of Wind-Energy Landscapes, The Geographical Review, 90(3):381-394.

  35. Motivations of AG > RE Exchange • Save water for other purposes • Decrease air emissions from conventional • Increase land values and tax revenues • Increase energy sustainability • Concentrate on high-value crops

  36. Barriers to AG > RE exchange • Employment shifts • Entrenched policies and traditions • Limitations on sale of water within the I.I.D. • Shifts in agricultural products • Loss of Salton Sea

  37. Despite Barriers, the Exchange is Already Underway is Leading the Way

  38. Mixing Water and Energy at theUS/Mexico Border Martin J. Pasqualetti Professor, School of Geographical Sciences & Urban Planning Senior Sustainability Scientist, Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability Arizona State University Thank You

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