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Psychology 320: Gender Psychology Lecture 8

Psychology 320: Gender Psychology Lecture 8. History of Research on Gender Psychology. What theories and research characterize the history of gender psychology? (continued). What theories and research characterize the history of gender psychology? (continued).

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Psychology 320: Gender Psychology Lecture 8

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  1. Psychology 320: Gender PsychologyLecture 8

  2. History of Research on Gender Psychology • What theories and research characterize the history of gender psychology? (continued)

  3. What theories and research characterize the history of gender psychology? (continued) E. 1954 – 1982: Sex Typing and Androgyny • Maccoby (1966) published The Development of Sex Differences. • Constantinople (1973) published a critique of existing M/F instruments. Her criticisms resulted in the re- conceptualization of masculinity and femininity as independent dimensions.

  4. Two-Dimensional Model of M/F High Femininity Androgynous Feminine High Masculinity LowMasculinity Masculine Undifferentiated Low Femininity

  5. Following from this model, distinctions were made between individuals who were: (a) sex-typed. (b) cross-sex-typed. (c) androgynous (d) undifferentiated. • Androgynous individuals were hypothesized to have the highest levels of psychological adjustment.

  6. Among the measures that were developed on the basis of the 2D model of M/F were those that assessed instrumental (i.e., agentic) and expressive (i.e., communal) traits. • These measures assumed that masculinity was reflected in instrumental traits and femininity was reflected in expressive traits. • Examples: Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI; Bem, 1974), Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ: Spence, Helmreich, & Stapp, 1974)

  7. Questionnaire 1: BSRI(Bem, 1974) • Score 1: Masculinity score. • Score 2: Femininity score. • Score 3: Androgyny score.

  8. BSRI: Descriptive Statistics(Bem, 1974) • Cronbach’s alphas, M, F: .86, .80. • Test-retest reliabilities, M, F: .90, .90 (1 month interval). • Correlations between M and F: .11 (males), -.14 (females).

  9. Questionnaire 2: PAQ(Spence & Helmreich, 1978) • Score 1: Masculinity score. • Score 2: Femininity score.

  10. PAQ: Descriptive Statistics (Spence & Helmreich, 1979) *SDs not available.

  11. PAQ: Correlations Among M, F, and Adjustment Measures (Spence et al., 1979) *p<.01, **p<.001

  12. Recent research has produced findings that are consistent with Spence et al.’s (1979) findings. Correlations Among M/F, Self-Esteem, and Ego Strength (Woo and Oei, 2006) *p<.001

  13. Research (e.g., Holt & Ellis, 1998) supports the validity of the BSRI and PAQ among contemporary populations. • Research (e.g., Holt & Ellis, 1998) supports the validity of the BSRI and PAQ among contemporary populations. • Cross-sectional data collected between 1970 and 2000 (e.g., Leuptow et al., 2001; Spence & Buckner, 2000; Twenge, 1997) demonstrate: • Cross-sectional data collected between 1970 and 2000 (e.g., Leuptow et al., 2001; Spence & Buckner, 2000; Twenge, 1997) demonstrate: (a) consistent sex differences on femininity. (b) reduced sex differences on masculinity.

  14. Correlation Between Women’s BSRI-M Scores and Year of Study Publication (Twenge, 1997) 5.4 • 5.2 • • • • • • 5.0 • • • • • • • • • • • • 4.8 • • • • • • • • • • • • • 4.6 • • • 4.4 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

  15. History of Research on Gender Psychology • What theories and research characterize the history of gender psychology? (continued)

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