Prenatal Testing Brittney hanson Karen Rysavy Leah Wilde

1. Prenatal TestingBrittney hansonKaren RysavyLeah Wilde

2. What is Prenatal Testing? • * Testing for diseases/conditions in a fetus or embryo before it is born. • * Aim is to detect birth defects • * Multiple tests that can be done each trimester of pregnancy

3. General Tests * Done previous of first trimester of pregnancy -Pregnancy Tests -Blood Tests • Blood type and Rh factor of mother and child -Cervical Tests • STDs, cancer, and Group B Streptococcus infection -Maternal Blood Testing -Ultrasounds

4. Ultrasound

5. History of Prenatal Testing * 1963 study done on early Egyptian Theory of the 1350s BC (determining pregnancy and sex of child) • Urinating on wheat and barley seeds • * Growth of wheat= female child • * Growth of barley= male child ** First record of prenatal testing (70% accurate)

6. Risk factors qualifying woman for testing • * Woman 35 years of age • * Previously had premature babies or w/birth defects • * Woman with high blood pressure, lupus, diabetes, asthma, epilepsy • * Family histories or ethnic backgrounds prone to genetic disorders • * Pregnant w/twins or more • * Have previously had miscarriages

7. 1st Trimester Screening States if the fetus is healthy or not But is unable to pinpointing any abnormalities in the fetus • Test the mother’s blood and an ultrasound is performed • Can lead into further testing throughout the pregnancy

8. First Trimester Testing (week 1-12) • Chorionic Villus Sampling “CVS” Detects chromosome abnormalties or genetic disorders • * Collects chorionic villi cells by a catheter guided by an ultrasound through the cervic or abdomen to the placenta

9. Transcervical CVS

10. 2nd Trimester Testing(week 13-27) • Percutaneous Umbilical Blood Sampling (PUBS) - Can determine prenatal diagnoses and prenatal treatment of fetus for ex: can diagnose a fetus with anemia

11. PUBS

12. Amniocentesis • * One of the first prenatal test to develop- mid 1950s • Needle is entered into amniotic sac to gather a sample of amniotic fluid • Most widely known prenatal test which examines for certain chromosomal abnormalities and neural tube defects

13. Amniocentsis

14. 3rd Trimester Testing(week 28-Birth) • Biophysical Profile (BPP) • Contains two parts: non stress test and an ultrasound • Non stress test involves attaching 2 belts around abdomen, measuring fetal heart rate and to measure contractions- • Evaluates heart rate, muscle tone, movement, and amount of amniotic fluid • Physicians suggest in the third trimester BPP to be done once every week until child is born

15. BPP

16. Glucose Challenge Screening • Gestational Diabetes- diabetes brought on from pregnancy which causes risk to both mother and baby • 26-28 weeks, evaluates how the body processes sugar • Positive test= body is not able to break down sugar properly, blood is drawn one hour after having a glucose drink • If positive, Glucose tolerance Test is taken

17. Group B Strep (GBS) • * Type of bacteria that can be found in up to 40% of pregnant woman. *Taken 35-37 weeks of pregnancy with a swab from the vagina *If positive the mother can be treated with antibiotics during labor * Woman with GBS infection can pass the bacteria to her newborn during delivery - most babies do not have problems and rarely become sick

18. Prenatal Testing Risks • * Misscarriage • * cramping and vaginal bleeding • * slowing of the fetus heart rate • * Infection • RhSensitizationj • Needle injury to fetus • Leaking of amniotic fluid • CVS and Amniocentesis Testing

19. Considering Prenatal Testing • * How much value do you place on outcome of the result? • Is it going to lead to abortion? • Will the results affect the prenatal care of the fetus?

20. Pros of Prenatal Testing • Time to prepare for the emotional and psychological expectations of a child with abnormalities. • Time to arrange proper medical care if need be • Can detect complications that could be treated or stop further complications from occurring. For example: PUBS can detect if fetus is anemic and if in need of a blood transfusion

21. Cons of Prenatal Testing • Negative results may result in the pressure to consider abortion of the child because of misconceptions and stereotype of people with disabilities • Many of the disabilities of those impaired at birth are not genetically determined. Prenatal testing gives no indication of how severe a child will be affected. • In fact, more than 80% of disabled people are not born with their impairment but obtain it later

22. Work Cited Leavitt, Sarah A. "A Timeline of Pregnancy Testing." A Thin Blue Line. Dec. 2003. The Office of NIH History. Nov. 2008 <http://history.nih.gov/exhibits/thinblueline/timeline.html>. Kidshealth. “Prenatal Testing in General.” Nemours Foundation. Nov. 2008 http://endoflifecare.tripod.com/juvenilehuntingtonsdisease/id48.html Mayo Clinic Staff. "Prenatal Testing: Should You Consider It?" Mayo Clinic.com - Tools for Healthier Lives. 20 June 2008. Mayo Clinic. Nov. 2008 <http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/prenatal-testing/pr00014>. Cowan, Ruth. "Women's Role in the History of Amniocentesis and Chorionic Villi Testing." Women and Prenatal Testing. 1992. Nov. 2008 <http://www.ohiostatepress.org/books/complete%20pdfs/rothenberg%20women/05.pdf>. Cunningham, Gary F. "Prenatal Testing." American Pregnancy Association. 2000. Nov. 2008 <http://www.americanpregnancy.org/prenataltesting/>. O'Dowd, Micheal J. "The History of Obstetrics and Gynaecology." The History of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2000. Nov. 2008 <http://books.google.com/books?id=tetjbc7ez7kc&printsec=frontcover>. Ourbodiesourselves. "Prenatal Testing and Disability Rughts." Prenatal Testing and Disability Rights. May 2003. Nov. 2008 <http://www.ourbodiesourselves.org/book/companion.asp?id=31&compid=43>. Gregoire, Sheila W. "To Test or Not to Test." SheilaWrayGregoire.com. 2006. Nov. 2008 <http://sheilawraygregoire.com/totestornottotestprenataltestingp14.php>.