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Nilo-Saharan Languages

Nilo-Saharan Languages. Ehret and Bender: two different views . Reconstruct the family through different methods, and come to different conclusions Both have positive and negative aspects to their work, but both still appear plausible theories

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Nilo-Saharan Languages

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  1. Nilo-Saharan Languages

  2. Ehret and Bender: two different views • Reconstruct the family through different methods, and come to different conclusions • Both have positive and negative aspects to their work, but both still appear plausible theories • Both use large lexical bases and pay strong attention to detail

  3. Bender Limited use of morphology in reconstruction Proposes reconstructed phonology based on averaging of sounds across languages Uses large amounts of sources Ehret Reconstructs a variety of proto-forms Proposes extremely complex proto-phonology Restricts use of sources, often has only one language source for a whole language family Methodological Differences

  4. Bender More conservative on etymology Compares words based on similarity in meaning and sound Does not focus as much on established correspondences Areal forms excluded Ehret Possibly over-imaginative etymologies Extremely attentive to phonetic detail Places high importance on established sound correspondences and proto-phonology Does not concern with areal forms

  5. Bender’s organization of NS Nilo-Saharan Songay Saharan Kuliak S-C (Satellite-Core) Satellites Core Maba For (Fur) Central Sudanic Berta Kunama East Sudanic Koman Gumuz Kado

  6. Ehret’s Organization of NS Nilo-Saharan Sudanic Koman (Includes Gumuz) Central Sudanic Northern Sudanic Kunama Saharo-Sahelian Sahelian Saharan For Trans-Sahel Ennedian Bodelian Western Sahelian Eastern Sahelian Zaghawa Berti Tibu Kanuri Nara Western Astaboran Songay Maban Maba Runga Mimi Nubian Tamam Kir- Abbaian* Rub Ik Western Rub

  7. Kir-Abbaian Jebel Kir West Jebel Bertha Nuba Mts. Daju Surma- Nilotic Gaam Cental Jebel Temein, Jirru Nyimang, Dinik Surmic Nilotic Western Nilotic Eastern Nilotic Southern Nilotic Jii Burun Bari Tung’a Tato Kalenjin Luo Jyang- Naath Ateker Lutokuo-Maa Datoga Omotik Lotuko Maa- Ongamo

  8. Conclusions of comparison? • There is almost nothing in common! • They use many different names for sub-families, and organize the trees in drastically different ways

  9. The sub families (as per Bender)

  10. Songai (Songay, Songhai) • : North and South variants, with 6 and 4 dialects each • Spoken in Mali and Niger • Northern variants hybridized with Berber, Hausa, or Fulani

  11. Saharan • Kanuri-Kanembu (Borno): Mutually intelligible varieties • Teda: Dialect cluster consisting of North (Teda or Tuda) and South (Daza and Tubu). No single self name • Zagawa-†Berti: Northern Zagawa (Zaghawa) known as Bideyat).

  12. Maba(n) • Bora-Mabang (Maba) • Masalit • Aiki=Runga-Kibet • Mimi of Gaudefroy-Demombynes (Mimi GD) • Mimi of Nachtigal (= Mimi N)

  13. For(an) • For (Fur): Spoken in Darfur (country of the Fur) in Sudan • Amdang: Spoken in Enclaves in Wadai, Chad border with Sudan, and into Darfur.

  14. Berta • Berta: dialect cluster in middle Ethio-Sudan border Area

  15. Kunama • Single language spoken in Southern Eritrea

  16. Koman • Twama (= Uduk) • Komo • Opo-Shita • Kwama • †Gule

  17. Gumuz • No single self-name. Spoken in Ethio-Sudan border area

  18. Kuliak • Nyangi: possibly extinct • Ik • Soo • All spoken in Uganda

  19. Kado • Mudo-Yegang-Kufo • Miri-Talla-Tolibi_Sangali • Krongo-Talsa

  20. East Sudanic • Sub families Nubian, Surmic, Nera, Jebel, Nyima, Tama, Nilotic (Western, Eastern, and Southern)

  21. Nubian • Nobiin • Middob • Birgid • Kenzi-Dongola • Hill Nubian: eight dialect with many names

  22. Surmic • Majang • Murle-Omo Murle-Didinga-Longarim • Bale-Zilmanu-Olam • Mursi • Me’en • Kwegu-Muguji • Shabo (?)

  23. Nera • Single language, also known as Barya or Barea

  24. Jebel • Gaam • Aka • Kelo-Beni-Sheko • Molo

  25. Nyima • Nyimang • Dinik

  26. Temein • Ronge (Temein) • Doni (= Jirru)-Dese(=Teis or Tesei)

  27. Tama • Tama • Erenga-Sungor • Merarit

  28. Daju • Limited knowledge • East: Shatt, Liguri • West: Nyala-Lagowa, Nyolge, Mongo-Sila, and †Beygo

  29. Nilotic:Western Nilotic • Northwest Nilotic: Burun, Mebaan • Northern Luo • Colo, Anywa(Anuak, Anyuak), Jur Luo, Turi, Bor • Southern Luo • Acoli, Kumam, Adola, Luo (Kenya Luo) • Dinka-Nuer • Jieng (=Dinka), Naadh (=Nuer), Atuot

  30. Eastern Nilotic • Bari • Teso-Turkana-Lotuko-Maa • Lotuko-Maa: Lotuko, Maa (Masai, Maasai), Ongamo (Ngasa) • Teso-Turkana: Toposa, Turkana, Teso, Karamojong

  31. South Nilotic • Omotik-Datooga: Omotik, Datooga • Kalenjin: 4 dialect clusters • Meroitic?

  32. Central Sudanic • Extremely fragmented, wide distribution, and lack of data make organization of this difficult • Subfamilies Sara-Bagirmi, Bongo, Modo-Baka, Moru-Madi, Mangbutu-Efe, Mangbutu-Asua, Kresh, and Badha (Lendu)

  33. Sara-Bagirmi • Sara: confusing term applying to many peoples. • Sar, Mbay, Barma (Bagirmi), Kuka, Kenga. • Sara-Ngambay: Ngambay, Doba. • Sara Kaba: Kaba. • Ruto/Vale • Yulu-Binga • Fongoro • Shemya • Fer

  34. Bongo • Single language

  35. Modo-Baka • B’eli • Baka • Morokodo

  36. Moru-Madi • North(Moru): Moru • Central(Avukaya): Avukaya, Logo, Keliko, High Lugbara, Low Lugbara • South (Madi): Madi

  37. Mangbutu-Efe • Mangbutu • Ndo • Mamvu-Balese

  38. Mangbetu-Asua • Mangbetu (Unknown language group) • Asua: Asua (Aka).

  39. Kresh • Kresh • Aja

  40. Badha (Lendu) • Badha

  41. Conclusions • Two scholars came up with drastically different conclusions on the structure of the family • Sign of difficulties with the historical model? • Much work needs to still be done: entire language families are still missing basic reference grammars

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