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Semantics “ Speech Acts”

Semantics “ Speech Acts”. Presented by: 1. Dini Budiwati Class: 6B Universitas Islam Syekh Yusuf Tangerang. 9.1 the form of sentences and the purpose of utterances. Three sentence types in English:. Declarative / Statement. sentences. Imperative / command.

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Semantics “ Speech Acts”

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  1. Semantics “ Speech Acts” Presented by: 1. DiniBudiwati Class: 6B Universitas Islam Syekh Yusuf Tangerang

  2. 9.1 the form of sentences and the purpose of utterances Three sentence types in English: Declarative / Statement sentences Imperative / command Interrogative / question

  3. Subject Declarative / Statement Verb Object

  4. 1.a A windowbroke • subject verb 1.b Tombrokea window Subject + verb + object 1.c Deniseputmarmaladeon her toast Subject + verb + object + adverb

  5. Begin with the ‘Verb’ Affirmative Negative Begin with “do not” + verb

  6. Affirmative commands : • Close the door, please • Open the window, please verb Negative commands : do not + verb • Don’t move • Don’t forget it • Don’t anybody move

  7. Rising intonation Inverted word order Questions A question word Use “or”

  8. 1. Question with rising tune • This is a joke? • You’re leaving now? • The Rangers won? 2. Question with putting an operator in first place • Is this a joke? • Are you leaving now? • Did the Rangers win? 2.A Tag question • This is a joke, isn’t it? • You’re leaving now, aren’t you? • The Rangers won, didn’t they?

  9. 3. Questions with a question word ( WH-word ) • You’re leaving when? When are you leaving? • She left it where? Where did she leave it? • Who found the money? • How many people came? Not have rising • Why are you leaving? intonation 4. Questions with “or” • Would you like coffee or tea? • Is your son in the Army or the Navy?

  10. 9.2 Analysis of speech acts Truth conditional semantics takes statements as the basic kind of sentence and thus considers that the principal use of language is to state facts, to describe how things are in the world, to present information which, generally, is either true or false. In every speech act we can distinguish three things, following Austin (1962). What is said, the utterance, can be called the locution. What the speaker intends to communicate to the addressee is the illocution. The message that the addressee gets, his interpretation of what the speaker says, is the perlocution. If communication is successful, the illocution and the perlocution are alike or nearly alike.

  11. 9.3 seven kinds of speech acts 9.3.1 Assertive utterances 9.3.2 Performative utterances

  12. Assertive utterances The purpose is to inform : 10a. I voted for Aaronson in the last election. 11a. Most plastics are made from soy beans. 12a. Cape Ann Lighthouse is a mile from the beach.

  13. Direct assertive utterances start with I or we and an assertive verb: 10b. I say that I voted for Aaronson in the last election, 11b. We declare that most plastics are made from soy beans. 12b. I can now announce that Cape Ann Lighthouse is ten miles from the beach.

  14. Focus on information: Announce Declare Disclose Explain Express Indicate Mention Proclaim Relate Report

  15. Focus on truth-value of utterance • Affirm • Allege • Assert • Certify • Concede • Guarantee • Swear • Attest • Bet • Claim • Contend • Maintain

  16. Focus on speaker’s commitment or involvement in what is reported • Confide profess • Deny protest Focus on manner of communicating Emphasize hint imply intimate stress

  17. Focus on the nature of the message: Dictate [a spoken message, written by another person] Narrate recount [the utterance is a unified series of events] Preach [the utterance has moral or ethical content] • Focus on aspect: Predict [the utterance is about possible future events] Recall [the utterance is about previous events]

  18. Performative utterances • I bid three no-trump. • We accept your offer. • I declare this meeting adjourned

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