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Institutional Bypasses in Brazil: Overcoming Ex-Ante Resistance to Reforms

Institutional Bypasses in Brazil: Overcoming Ex-Ante Resistance to Reforms. Mariana Mota Prado University of Toronto Manchester, May 16, 2014. What is an Institutional Bypass?. What is a Bypass?. What is a Bypass?. New Institution . What is an Institutional Bypass?.

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Institutional Bypasses in Brazil: Overcoming Ex-Ante Resistance to Reforms

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  1. Institutional Bypasses in Brazil:Overcoming Ex-Ante Resistance to Reforms Mariana Mota Prado University of Toronto Manchester, May 16, 2014

  2. What is an Institutional Bypass?

  3. What is a Bypass?

  4. What is a Bypass?

  5. New Institution What is an Institutional Bypass?

  6. Institutional Bypass • it keeps the pre-existing institutions in place; • it creates an alternative pathway through which to deliver government services or discharge governmental functions; • it aims at being more efficient or functional than the pre-existing institution. (Prado 2011)

  7. Presentation Structure 1. Relevance 2. Examples from Brazil 3. Implications

  8. 1. Why is this relevant? Institutions Matter

  9. 1. Why is this relevant? Failed Reforms

  10. 1. Why is this Relevant? Institutions Matter but we do not know how to transform dysfunctional institutions

  11. 1. Why is this Relevant? Ex-Ante Obstacles to Reforms: • Resistance • Institutional Interconnections (formal and informal) Political Cognitive

  12. New Institution Why is this Relevant? Cognitive Political

  13. Part 2 Examples of Institutional Bypasses from Brazil

  14. 2. Examples from Brazil • Poupatempo (SP) • UPPs (RJ) • Private Security

  15. 2. Examples from Brazil Time Saver

  16. 2. Examples from Brazil Identity Card Driver’s License Worker’s Card Criminal Records One-stop shop For gov’t services

  17. 2. Examples from Brazil Buildings: - Functional Design - Close to the Subway

  18. 2. Examples from Brazil Expansion of UPPs: 1 unit (2008) > 3 units (2009) > 32 units (2013) 10,000 (2008) > 350,000 people

  19. 2. Examples from Brazil Poupatempo is an Institutional Bypass (Prado and Chasin, 2011)

  20. New Institution What is an Institutional Bypass?

  21. Poupatempo • Prodesp 2. Examples from Brazil ? 60 days 5-15 days

  22. 2. Examples from Brazil UPPs are an Institutional Bypass (Willis and Prado, forthcoming)

  23. 2. Examples from Brazil Pacifying Police Unit New Police Force

  24. 2. Examples from Brazil UPPs - Low-income Communities - New Recruits • Different Training • Proximity

  25. New Institution • UPPs 2. Examples from Brazil

  26. 2. Examples from Brazil UPPs as a New Institution? 2009 Decree – Informal 2011 Decree – Formal 2013 Decree – Further Separation

  27. 2. Examples from Brazil UPPs in 2009 But there were informal mechanisms

  28. 2. Examples from Brazil UPPs in 2011

  29. 2. Examples from Brazil Delegacia de PolíciaJudiciáriaMilitar UPPs in 2013

  30. 2. Examples from Brazil UPPs are not pacifying the communities They aim at pacifying the police itself

  31. 2. Examples from Brazil Private Security Forces

  32. New Institution • Private Security 2. Examples from Brazil

  33. 2. Examples from Brazil Not the same function Original Institution?

  34. Part 3 Implications

  35. Failed Reforms

  36. 3. Implications Not a Panacea For three reasons: • Undesirable Bypasses • Badly Designed Bypasses • Failed Bypasses

  37. 3. Implications #1: Undesirable Bypasses What about Public Bypasses? “Saving time” by reducing bureaucratic scrutiny e.g. driving skills

  38. 3. Implications #2 Badly Designed Bypasses • Central Unions (CUT) = • Too attached to • the pre-existing institution • (Prado and Gomes, in progress)

  39. 3. Implications #3 Failed Bypasses Previous Community Policing Efforts in RJ > GPAE

  40. 3. Implications Institutional Bypasses: We need to understand WHEN and WHY they succeed

  41. Thank you! mariana.prado@utoronto.ca

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