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Using Montreal Protocol to Protect the Climate

Using Montreal Protocol to Protect the Climate. Kristen N. Taddonio U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Stephen O. Andersen Co-Chair, Technology & Economic Assessment Panel. The Montreal Protocol is successfully protecting ozone.

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Using Montreal Protocol to Protect the Climate

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  1. Using Montreal Protocol to Protect the Climate Kristen N. Taddonio U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Stephen O. Andersen Co-Chair, Technology & Economic Assessment Panel

  2. The Montreal Protocol is successfully protecting ozone > The Montreal Protocol has slowed and reversed the accumulation of ozone depleting substances (ODSs) in the stratosphere. • (Effective stratospheric chlorine is the weighted sum of chlorine and bromine gases in the stratosphere.) UNEP/WMO Ozone Assessment, 2006

  3. Transition from CFC to HCFC or HFC reduced greenhouse gas emissions ~10 time or more Example: Mobile air conditioning sector switched from CFC 12 (GWP 10,900 ODP 1) to HFC-134a (GWP 1,430 ODP 0) CFC-11 = 1 CO2 = 1 (ODPs) (GWPs) UNEP/WMO Ozone Assessment, 2006

  4. The Montreal Protocol has also achieved extraordinary greenhouse gas reductions • Tan Line = Global CO2 emissions • Green line = The CO2-equivalent of the ODS emissions that would have occurred if Molina and Rowland had not warned the world about CFCs. Note that the climate impact would have been greater than global CO2 emissions. • Blue line = The CO2-equivalent of the ODS emissions that would have occurred without the Montreal Protocol. • Black line = The CO2-equivalent of ODS emissions. Thanks to the Montreal Protocol, this is low. Montreal Protocol protection of climate G. Velders et al., PNAS, 2007

  5. Climate benefits of the Montreal Protocol • By phasing out ozone-depleting substances, the world has avoided the equivalent of 135 billion gigatons of carbon dioxide equivalent between the 1990 and 2010, equivalent to about 13% of accumulated emissions of CO2 from human activities. • This effectively delayed climate change by7 to 12 years. • As of 2010, net GWP-weighted emissions reductions from ODSs are about 11 Gt CO2-eq yr. • This is 5-6 times the reduction target of the first commitment period (2008-2012) of the Kyoto Protocol (2 Gt CO2-eq yr). G. Velders et al., PNAS, 2007

  6. However, larger than expected growth in use and emissions of HFCs and HCFCs threatens to overwhelm the climate benefits achieved by the Montreal Protocol.

  7. The large contribution of projected HFC emissions to future climate forcing • Based on the most recent trends, HFC emissions in 2050: 5.5–8.8 GtCO2-eq yr • Equivalent to 9–19% of global CO2 emissions, assuming business-as-usual Velders et al., PNAS (2009)

  8. Article 5 Countries Leading the Way to Use Montreal Protocol to Further Protect the Climate • The 2007 HCFC accelerated phaseout • Proposed by Article 5 countries • First time developing countries committed to a binding agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. • Decision XIX/6 (9.) “To encourage Parties to promote the selection of alternatives to HCFCs that minimize environmental impacts, in particular impacts on climate….” (2007) • Requests to the TEAP • Evaluate alternatives to HCFCs • Environmentally sound management of ODS banks • Proposals to move HFCs to Montreal Protocol

  9. HCFC Phaseout: Unprecedented Climate Opportunity TEAP Task Force Decision XX/8 Report, May 2009

  10. Life-Cycle Climate Performance Key to Success • No alternative is a “one-size-fits all” solution • Energy efficiency must be taken into account • Goal: highest LCCP, not just lowest GWP! • Example: Mobile Air Conditioning • Alternatives CO2, HFC-152a, HFC-1234yf • Important for sectors to identify highest LCCP alternatives as phase-out proceeds

  11. The Montreal Protocol has strong climate benefits, and can achieve even greater greenhouse gas reductions.

  12. More Information • TEAP Reports • “Environmentally Sound Management of Banks of Ozone-Depleting Substances” (June 2009) • “Assessment of Alternative to HCFCs and HFCs” (May 2009) • Available at: http://ozone.unep.org/teap/Reports/ • Guus J.M. Velders, Stephen O. Andersen, John S. Daniel, David W. Fahey, and Mack McFarland. “The importance of the Montreal Protocol in protecting climate.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Science (PNAS) March 20, 2007 vol. 104 no. 12 4814-4819 • Guus J. M. Velders, David W. Fahey, John S. Daniel, Mack McFarland, and Stephen O. Andersen. “The large contribution of projected HFC emissions to future climate forcing” PNAS July 7, 2009 vol. 106 no. 27 10949-10954 • Available on-line at: www.pnas.org

  13. More Information Kristen N. Taddonio Taddonio.Kristen@epa.gov Stephen O. Andersen SOliverAndersen@aol.com

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