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Chapter 21

Chapter 21. Chapter 21. astro1010-lee.com. Survey of Astronomy. Galaxies. twlee2016@gmail.com. Chapter 21.

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Chapter 21

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  1. Chapter 21 Chapter 21 astro1010-lee.com Survey of Astronomy Galaxies twlee2016@gmail.com

  2. Chapter 21 The components of spiral galaxies are the same as in our own Galaxy: disk, core, halo, bulge, spiral arms. Type Sa tends to have the most tightly bound spiral arms, with Types Sb and Sc progressively less tight, although the correlation is not perfect. astro1010-lee.com Survey of Astronomy twlee2016@gmail.com

  3. Chapter 21 Similar to the spiral galaxies are the barred spirals. Historically they were recognized later but were found to be equally numerous. Like the spirals the are designated by how tightly wound they are. astro1010-lee.com Survey of Astronomy twlee2016@gmail.com

  4. Chapter 21 Elliptical galaxies have no spiral arms and no disk. They come in many sizes, from giant ellipticals of trillions of stars, down to dwarf ellipticals of less than a million stars. Ellipticals also contain very little, if any, cool gas and dust, and show no evidence of ongoing star formation. Many do, however, have large clouds of high temperature gas, extending far beyond the visible boundaries of the galaxy. astro1010-lee.com Survey of Astronomy twlee2016@gmail.com

  5. Chapter 21 Ellipticals are classified according to their shape from E0 (almost spherical) to E7 (the most elongated). astro1010-lee.com Survey of Astronomy twlee2016@gmail.com

  6. Chapter 21 S0 (Lenticular) and SB0 galaxies have a flattened disk and bulge, but no spiral arms and, like the Ellipticals, have little interstellar gas and dust astro1010-lee.com Survey of Astronomy twlee2016@gmail.com

  7. Chapter 21 The irregular galaxies have a wide variety of shapes, but no fixed shapes. The Small and Large Magellanic Clouds are close neighbors to our own Milky Way astro1010-lee.com Survey of Astronomy twlee2016@gmail.com

  8. Chapter 21 Here are three other irregular galaxies: NGC 4485 and NGC 4490 on the left, and M82 on the right astro1010-lee.com Survey of Astronomy twlee2016@gmail.com

  9. Chapter 21 Here is a summary of galaxy properties by type astro1010-lee.com Survey of Astronomy twlee2016@gmail.com

  10. Chapter 21 When Edwin Hubble announced that many of the strange nebulae in the sky were really Galaxies, he was tasked with sorting and classifying them. Hubble’s “tuning fork” is a convenient way to remember the galaxy classifications, although it has no deeper meaning astro1010-lee.com Survey of Astronomy twlee2016@gmail.com

  11. Chapter 21 • Cepheid variables allow measurement of distance to galaxies to about 25 Mpc away. However, some galaxies have no Cepheids, and most are farther away than 25 Mpc. New distance measures are needed. • Tully–Fisher relation correlates a galaxy’s rotation speed (which can be measured using the Doppler effect) to its luminosity. • Type I supernovae all have about the same luminosity, since the process by which they happen doesn’t allow for much variation, so the inverse square can be applied astro1010-lee.com Survey of Astronomy twlee2016@gmail.com

  12. Chapter 21 With these additions then, the cosmic distance ladder has been extended to about 1 Gpc astro1010-lee.com Survey of Astronomy twlee2016@gmail.com

  13. Chapter 21 The Local Group astro1010-lee.com Survey of Astronomy Here is the dis-tribution of galaxies within about 1 Mpc of the Milky Way. twlee2016@gmail.com

  14. Chapter 21 There are three spirals in this group – the Milky Way, Andromeda, and M33. These and their satellites – about 45 galaxies in all – form the Local Group. Such a group of galaxies, held together by its own gravity, is called a galaxy cluster astro1010-lee.com Survey of Astronomy twlee2016@gmail.com

  15. Chapter 21 A nearby galaxy cluster is the Virgo cluster; it is much larger than the Local Group, containing about 3500 galaxies. astro1010-lee.com Survey of Astronomy twlee2016@gmail.com

  16. Chapter 21 All galaxies (with a few nearby exceptions) show a Doppler Red Shift that suggest they are moving away from us. This chart shows red shift correlated with their recession velocity and distance: astro1010-lee.com Survey of Astronomy twlee2016@gmail.com

  17. Chapter 21 These plots show the relation between distance and recession velocity for the five galaxies in the previous figure, and then for a larger sample astro1010-lee.com Survey of Astronomy twlee2016@gmail.com

  18. Chapter 21 The relationship (slope of the line) is characterized by Hubble’s constant H0 The currently most accepted value for Hubble’s constant astro1010-lee.com Survey of Astronomy Measuring distances using Hubble’s law actually is better the farther away the object is; random motions are overwhelmed by the recessional velocity. twlee2016@gmail.com

  19. Chapter 21 The Doppler Effect relates the change in wavelength to the recession velocity Δλ / λ0 = Vr / C The Hubble Law relates recession velocity with distance astro1010-lee.com Survey of Astronomy twlee2016@gmail.com

  20. Chapter 21 This puts the final step on our distance ladder. However the Hubble Law does need some final tweaking when the recession velocities approach reletavistic values astro1010-lee.com Survey of Astronomy twlee2016@gmail.com

  21. Chapter 21 About 20–25% of galaxies don’t fit well into the Hubble scheme – they are far too luminous. Such galaxies are called Active Galaxies. They differ from normal Galaxies in both the luminosity and type of radiation they emit astro1010-lee.com Survey of Astronomy twlee2016@gmail.com

  22. Chapter 21 The radiation from active galaxies is called non-stellar radiation. Many luminous galaxies are experiencing an outburst of star formation, probably due to interactions with a neighbor. These galaxies are called starburst galaxies The galaxies we will discuss now are those whose activity is due to events occurring in and around the galactic center. astro1010-lee.com Survey of Astronomy twlee2016@gmail.com

  23. Chapter 21 This active galaxy has star-formation rings surrounding a very luminous core called an Active Galactic Core astro1010-lee.com Survey of Astronomy twlee2016@gmail.com

  24. Chapter 21 Active galaxies are classified into three types: Seyfert galaxies, radio galaxies, and quasars. Seyfert galaxies, such as this, resemble normal spiral galaxies, but their cores are thousands of times more luminous astro1010-lee.com Survey of Astronomy twlee2016@gmail.com

  25. Chapter 21 The rapid variations in the luminosity of Seyfert galaxies indicate that the core must be extremely compact astro1010-lee.com Survey of Astronomy twlee2016@gmail.com

  26. Chapter 21 Radio galaxies emit very strongly in the radio and X-ray portions of the spectrum. Many have enormous lobes, invisible to optical telescopes, perpendicular to the plane of the galaxy. astro1010-lee.com Survey of Astronomy twlee2016@gmail.com

  27. Chapter 21 Core-dominated and radio-lobe galaxies are probably the same phenomenon viewed from different angles. astro1010-lee.com Survey of Astronomy twlee2016@gmail.com

  28. Chapter 21 Quasars – quasi-stellar objects – are star-like in appearance, but have very unusual spectral lines. Eventually it was realized that quasar spectra were normal, but enormously redshifted: astro1010-lee.com Survey of Astronomy twlee2016@gmail.com

  29. Chapter 21 Solving the spectral problem introduces a new problem – quasars must be among the most luminous objects in the universe, to be visible over such enormous distances. astro1010-lee.com Survey of Astronomy twlee2016@gmail.com

  30. Chapter 21 • Active galactic nuclei have some or all of the following properties: • high luminosity • non-stellar energy emission • variable energy output, indicating small nucleus • jets and other signs of explosive activity • broad emission lines, indicating rapid rotation astro1010-lee.com Survey of Astronomy twlee2016@gmail.com

  31. Chapter 21 This is the leading theory for the energy source in an active galactic nucleus: a black hole, surrounded by an accretion disk. The strong magnetic field lines around the black hole channel particles into jets perpendicular to the magnetic axis. astro1010-lee.com Survey of Astronomy twlee2016@gmail.com

  32. Chapter 21 One might expect the radiation from such a powerful source to be mostly X rays and gamma rays and we often see quasars that way, but apparently it is often “reprocessed” in the dense clouds around the black hole and we see it reemitted at longer wavelengths astro1010-lee.com Survey of Astronomy twlee2016@gmail.com

  33. Chapter 21 Particles in the jet will emit synchrotron radiation as they spiral along the magnetic field lines; this radiation is decidedly non-stellar. astro1010-lee.com Survey of Astronomy twlee2016@gmail.com

  34. Chapter 21 In an active galaxy, the central black hole may be billions of solar masses. The accretion disk is whole clouds of interstellar gas and dust; they may radiate away as much as 10–20% of their mass before disappearing. astro1010-lee.com Survey of Astronomy twlee2016@gmail.com

  35. Chapter 21 End of Chapter 21 End of Unit 5 End of Astro1040 and Phys 1040 Thank you for letting me be your instructor Survey of Astronomy

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