Innovation

1. Hand Held Wireless Computers in Education Marcia Wert

2. Handheld Wireless Computers • Encompass: • PDA’s or Personal Digital Assistants • Wireless laptops/compact laptops/Ultra compact laptops • Mobile Phones • Smart Phones • Tablet PC’s • Game consoles - Wi • Media Players – Ipod’s • Hybrid devices - include a mixture of mobile phones and tablet PC’s

3. Need for Handheld Wireless • The need for business professionals to keep track of: • Contacts • e-mail • voice mail • addresses • phone numbers • appointments

4. Need for Handheld Wireless • Mobility of Communication to access the Internet • Ability to connect anytime - as long as an Internet portal is available • Need for speed to connect – electronic trading

5. Categories • The project will be narrowed to Personal Digital Assistants or PDA’s • 2 Categories • Hand Held Computers: • Larger Liquid Crystal Display • Mini Keyboard • Palm-Size Computer • Stylus • Touch Screen and hand writing recognition

6. Characteristics • Characteristics of PDA’s • No Hard Drive • Programs stored on Read-only Memory (ROM) • Microprocessor • Input/Output ports

7. History • History of the PDA • These Companies invented and marketed their PDA’s • 1980 - Invented By Psion Company • 1993 - Apple used touch sensitive screens and handwriting recognition • 1995 - US Robotics – Palm Pilot • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iz4GwLpxAhc

8. Lead Thinkers • Lead Thinkers on this Research • Cheung Sum Wing • Hew Foon Khe • Lead Designers • Psion - Nick Healey - as a programmer, with a degree in Computer and Microprocessor Engineering • Apple- Newton- Steve Capps and Michael Tchao

9. Problems in Development • Psion's weak point was Internet connectivity in countries where wireless service isn't available • Apple’s Newton- • Problem with fonts • Sent faxes • Limited communication

10. Problems in Development • Palm Pilot - limited memory and a relatively slow processor, also key components still written in Assembler • Good assembler programmers • Development of programs • Instructions to write • Complex algorithms • Debugging

11. Intended Market • In the beginning • The business world, in order to be mobile in communications • Present • Education Field

12. Findings • On utilizing the devices as (21.8%)-Communication (20.5%)- Multimedia access (17.9%)-Task management tool • On the use of handhelds as (14.1%)-Assessment (12.8%)-Capture tools (6.4%)-Representational (6.4%)-Analytical tools

13. Steps for Innovation Process • Production - Initiated by Packaging • Licensing of PDA’s • Marketing • Consists of two 1 hour classes to instruct faculty and students on usage • Distribution • Set number of PDA’s for 2 classes and corresponding faculty

14. Stages Confirmation Decision Implementation Decision Persuasion Knowledge

15. Knowledge Stage • 1995 – Co-Worker • 2001 – PDA’s in the classroom A small video supporting knowledge studies from universities on PDA’s http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rOyGyXatx5c

16. Persuasion Stage • Costs can be minimized • High Mobility • Good visuals in color, sound, and networking • Familiar “Start” menu • Standard Microsoft applications • Standard support for the hardware • Supports other Hardware • Increases motivation of students Click on image

17. Decision Stage • Investment • Faculty • Hardware costs • Software costs • Training costs • Information Technology • Faculty • Students Click

18. Implementation Stage But my PDA, unlike my phone, actually “persuaded” me to learn how to better use it. (Schrage,2004) • Time period for Delivery – 1 month • One hour class to instruction students on the use of the PDA • Two hour classes to instruct faculty- “While the teachers were clear on the basic operations of the PDAs, they were caught by surprise concerning student engagement and in the ways the software could be used to pose or solve particular coding problems.” As stated by Goldman, Pea, Maldonado, Martin, White and associates at Stanford University (2004). • Active enrollment of students in credit classes and corresponding training classes Schrage, M. (2004). The power of Persuasion, Retrieved 10 05, 2009 from http://www.leighbureau.com/speakers/MSchrage/essays/persuasion.pdf Goldman, S., Pea, R., Maldonado, H., Martin, L. White, T. & the WILD Team @ Stanford University. (2004). Functioning in the wireless classroom, P. 5. Retrieved 10 06, 2009 from http://hci.stanford.edu/publications/2004/WILDClassroomWMTE2004/WILDClassroomWMTE2004.pdf

19. Confirmation Stage • After Purchase • Faculty • Monthly informal meetings • E-Mail • Information Technology • Surveys Click

20. Communication Channels • Knowledge – Mass Media for Education • Persuasion – Interpersonal • Decision – Interpersonal/ Mass Media • Implementation – Interpersonal • Confirmation - Interpersonal Be not the first by who the new is tried, nor the last to lay the old aside. -Alexander Pope, An Essay on Criticism, Part II http://cyber.bentley.edu/faculty/wb/courses/370/opencommclimate.doc

21. S-Curve for Adoption http://www.valuebasedmanagement.net/methods_rogers_innovation_adoption_curve.html

22. Key Innovators and Early Adopters • Younger Instructors • Non-tenure Instructors

23. Strategies for Key Innovators and Early Adopters • Persuasion • Complexity • Compatibility • Ease of Use or Trail ability

24. Laggards • Older Instructors • Persuasion • Retirement • Persuasion

25. Strategies for Laggards • Group and peer pressure • Change agents • Group meetings for faculty

26. Hybrid of Centralized and Decentralized Approach • Centralized • Decentralized http://www4.uwm.edu/cuts/bench/princp.htm#cent

27. Key Change Agents • Dean • Faculty Leaders

28. S-Curve for Adoption Critical Mass

29. Need for PDA’s • The need for PDA’s for this University • To promote future growth of the student populace by: • Accreditation • Improvement • Visualization of cutting edge technologies

30. Need for PDA’s • For Faculty • Assessment • Analytical tools • Communication • Multimedia access • Task Management tool • Representational

31. Need for PDA’s • For Students • Communication • Multimedia access • Task Management tool

32. Questions?