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VALUES

THINKING. + EVIDENCE. + REASONING. VALUES. ARGUMENT. THESIS. + EVIDENCE. + COMMENTARY. EXPRESSING. ARGUMENT The center of the study of history. History is: NOT what happened in the past how we understand & give meaning necessarily interpretive

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VALUES

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  1. THINKING + EVIDENCE + REASONING VALUES ARGUMENT THESIS + EVIDENCE + COMMENTARY EXPRESSING

  2. ARGUMENTThe center of the study of history • History is: • NOT what happened in the past • how we understand & give meaning • necessarilyinterpretive • forming & critiquing arguments about interpretations Diagram

  3. VALUESAuthor’s perspective towards subject of argument • Refers to larger idea • Ex. Liberty, Equality, Democracy, Capitalism, Individualism, Order, Collectivism etc. • Sometimes referred to as “bias”, “agenda”, “point of view”, “paradigm”, “frame of reference” etc. • Sometimes stated but often assumed or subtle (must be inferred) • Author may not be aware of it Diagram

  4. EVALUATINGEVIDENCE • Evidence—any specific information used as support • Facts; Authorities; Statistics; Etc. • Evaluating • Selecting—choosing evidence • Analyzing • Relevance • Reliability--PROPP, FactOpinion • Strength/Authoritativeness Diagram

  5. REASONINGCategory of thinking that links values to evidence Three Categories • Comparison—Drawing a conclusion based on how one idea or event is like another. • Includes alike and difference comparisons. • AKA historical analogies. • Cause-Effect—Reasoning used to analyze why events happened. • Generalization—Reasoning used to draw conclusions about a whole based on part(s) of the whole. Diagram

  6. THESISSummary statement of the whole argument • States big idea you are trying to prove or support • Establishes structure of argument • Includes parts (major arguments) • “Because”, “Therefore”, “For these reasons:” “So” • Should be: BRIEF, CLEAR, DIRECT & ENLIGHTENING • Does not include EVIDENCE or COMMENTARY Diagram

  7. ORGANIZING EVIDENCEGrouping, applying and sequencing specific information in support of thesis • Align evidence to match reasoning (diagram?) • Quotes: primary sources, authorities • Paraphrasing and Summarizing • Statistics • Citation Diagram

  8. COMMENTARYAuthor’s interpretation, explanation & analysis • Connecting to THESIS • Interpreting EVIDENCE • Expressing analysis from THINKING level • PROPPing Evidence • Applying REASONING Evaluation Questions • Identifying & analyzing VALUES Diagram

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