John W. Santrock

1. Children 14 Physical Development in Adolescence John W. Santrock

2. Socioemotional Development in Adolescence • What Is the Nature of Adolescence? • What Are the Physical and Psychological Aspects of Puberty? • What Are the Dimensions of Adolescent Sexuality? • How Can Adolescent Health and Problems Be Characterized?

3. What Is the Nature of Adolescence? Views of Adolescence • Positive and Negative Views • Biological view: Hall’s view – adolescence is a turbulent time of “storm and stress” • Adolescence, like childhood, is interaction of genetic, biological, environmental, and social factors

4. What Is the Nature of Adolescence? What Is the Nature of Adolescence? • Recent research: • Majority can cope with life stresses • Public attitudes on adolescence affected by personal experiences, their memories, media • Every generation seemed radical, different • Adolescent path to adulthood affected by • Ethnicity, culture, gender, SES • Age and lifestyle differences

5. What Is the Nature of Adolescence? What Is the Nature of Adolescence? • Developmental transitions • Biological changes • Growth spurt and hormonal changes • Sexual maturity and puberty • Brain maturation and altered sleep patterns

6. What Is the Nature of Adolescence? What Is the Nature of Adolescence? • Developmental transitions • Cognitive changes • Increased abstract, idealistic, logical thinking • Increased egocentric perceptions • More responsibility given by parents

7. What Is the Nature of Adolescence? What Is the Nature of Adolescence? • Developmental transitions • Socioemotional changes • Increased independence and time spent with peers; more conflict with parents • More mood swings, sexual maturation, and romantic relationships; more intimacy and self-disclosure occurs • Larger, impersonal schools; more pressure to academically achieve

8. What Is the Nature of Adolescence? What Is the Nature of Adolescence? • Developmental transitions • Adolescence to adulthood • Emerging adulthood: 18 to 25 years • Identity exploration; love and work • Instability; changes • Self-focused • Feeling in-between • The age of possibilities

9. What Are the Physical and Psychological Aspects of Puberty? Determinants of Puberty • Sexual maturation, height, and weight • Puberty: • Period of rapid physical maturation; hormonal and bodily changes over time • Menarche: girl’s first menstrual period • Girls: growth spurt 2 years earlier than boys • Height increases 3 to 4 inches per year for boys and girls through growth spurt

10. What Are the Physical and Psychological Aspects of Puberty? Sexual Maturation Male • Increase penis and testicle size • Pubic hair growth • First ejaculation • Maximum growth • Hair in armpits • Voice change • Facial hair • Female • Breasts enlarge or pubic hair appears • Hair in armpits • Growth in height • Hips widen • First menstruation

11. What Are the Physical and Psychological Aspects of Puberty? Hormonal Changes • Hormones • Powerful chemical substances • Secreted by endocrine glands • Hypothalamus: monitors eating, drinking, and sex • Pituitary gland: controls growth, regulates other glands • Gonadotropins: stimulate ovaries/testes

12. What Are the Physical and Psychological Aspects of Puberty? Hormonal Changes • Hormones • Testosterone associated with male development of genitals, increased height, and voice change • Estradiol associated with female breast development, uterine, and skeletal development

13. What Are the Physical and Psychological Aspects of Puberty? Timing and Variationsin Puberty • Patterns • U.S. children mature faster than Europeans • Age of maturity continually decreases • Timing changes due to • Genetics • Nutrition • Health and females’ body mass • Environmental factors

14. Norway 18 Finland Sweden 17 U.K. U.S.A. 16 Median age (years) at menarche 15 14 13 12 1980 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 Year Median Ages at Menarche in Selected Northern European Countries and the United States from 1845 to 1969 Fig. 14.4

15. What Are the Physical and Psychological Aspects of Puberty? Psychological Dimensions of Puberty • Hormones and behavior • Linked to negative, variable emotions • Body image • Strong preoccupation with changing body; more acute in puberty • Girls more negative than boys • Use of tattooing, piercing, and body art • Early and late maturation

16. What Are the Physical and Psychological Aspects of Puberty? Early and Late Maturation

17. Early development Late development +.30 +.20 +.10 Body Image Score Mean -.10 -.20 -.30 Grade 6 Grade 10 Early- and Late-Maturing Adolescent Girls’ Perceptions of Body Image in Early and Late Adolescence Fig. 14.5

18. What Are the Physical and Psychological Aspects of Puberty? The Brain • Brain structure, Cognition, and Emotion • Corpus callosum: activity during emotional processing differs in adolescents and adults • Prefrontal lobe not fully developed, amygdala matures earlier • Adolescent difficulty in controlling behavior • Myelination continues in adolescence; thicker white matter; neuron create gray matter

19. What Are the Dimensions of Adolescent Sexuality? Developing a Sexual Identity • Adolescence is time of • Ambivalence: sex used in movies/videos/TV shows/music, advertisements, and Internet • Frequent viewing tied to casual sex attitudes • Mastering sexual feelings and forming sense of sexual identity is lengthy, multifaceted • Gay and lesbian youth have diverse patterns of initial attraction, often bisexual.

20. What Are the Dimensions of Adolescent Sexuality? Developing a Sexual Identity • Progression of sexual behavior • Kissing, then petting • Oral sex or intercourse • Timing of experiences affected by • Country, gender, and SES characteristics • Dramatic increase in casual oral sex • Perceptions of being safer, not really sex • Early sexual activity has risks

21. What Are the Dimensions of Adolescent Sexuality? Developing a Sexual Identity • Adolescent males more likely to report being sexually active than females • Culturally: Asian Americans have more restrictive timetable for sexual activity • African-American males and inner-city adolescents more sexually active; risk factors exist and sexual problems

22. What Are the Dimensions of Adolescent Sexuality? Contraceptive Use • Contraceptive use increasing • Condoms: 63% of males at first intercourse • Only 19% withdraw before ejaculation • Low-income females’ use is inconsistent; may desire pregnancy; more sex partners • Younger adolescents less likely to use • Higher risk of pregnancy and disease

23. What Are the Dimensions of Adolescent Sexuality? Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) • HIV and AIDS – greatest impact in world, girls 6x infection rate of boys in Africa • Other STDs: chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, genital herpes • About 25% of sexually active adolescents are new infections annually • Highest risk: drug users, poor, young gays, Latinos and African Americans

24. What Are the Dimensions of Adolescent Sexuality? Adolescent Pregnancy • U.S. rates declining but still one of highest in industrialized world • Fear of STIs, use of condoms • Why? • Childbearing regarded as adult activity • Clear messages about sexual behavior • Access to family planning services • U.S. expectations and attitudes more lax, yet access to planning services more restricted

25. 80 U.S. England and Wales 60 Canada France Births per 1000 women 15 to19 40 Sweden 20 0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Year Cross-Cultural Comparisons of Adolescent Pregnancy Rates Fig. 14.8

26. What Are the Dimensions of Adolescent Sexuality? Reducing Adolescent Pregnancy • Sex education and family planning • Access to contraceptives • Life options approach • Opportunities other than parenting • Broad community involvement, support

27. How Can Adolescent Health And Problems Be Characterized? Adolescent Pregnancy • Ethnic, SES factors affect rates vary • Risk factors • Health problems for baby and mother • Low education for mothers • Economic hardships • Educational, behavioral problems for children

28. How Can Adolescent Health And Problems Be Characterized? Adolescent Health • Improving adolescent health • Increase healthy behaviors • Nutrition, exercise, safety, sleep patterns • Reduce risky behaviors • Drug abuse, violence • Unprotected sex, risks for accidents

29. How Can Adolescent Health And Problems Be Characterized? Adolescent Health • U.S. youth compared to most in world • Eat more junk food • Eat less fruits and vegetables • Exercise less and more inactive • Ethnic differences: white boys exercised most; African American girls exercised least

30. How Can Adolescent Health And Problems Be Characterized? Adolescent Health • U.S. youth • Get inadequate sleep on weekdays; stay up later, sleep longer in morning • Affects on school: moody, tired, sleep in class, depressed, drink more caffeine • Attempts to make up sleep deficit on weekends • Changing biological clocks: melatonin

31. How Can Adolescent Health And Problems Be Characterized? Adolescent Health • Leading causes of death • Accidents: over 50% of death ages 10–19 • Most due to motor vehicles and risky behaviors like speeding, use of drugs or alcohol • Homicide: second leading cause, especially among African American males • Suicide: 6% of ages 10–14 and 12% of ages 15–19

32. How Can Adolescent Health And Problems Be Characterized? Adolescent Health • Risk factors that predict problems • Poverty • Ineffective parenting • Mental disorders in parents • Assets for positive outcomes • External: support, empowerment, rules, etc. • Internal: commitment, values, positive identity, and social competencies, etc.

33. How Can Adolescent Health And Problems Be Characterized? Substance Use and Abuse • Alcohol • Drinking habits begin in high school, college • Cigarette smoking • Begins primarily in childhood, adolescence • Painkillers • Alarming increased use of prescriptions • Narcotic and addictive; abuse may be epidemic

34. How Can Adolescent Health And Problems Be Characterized? Substance Use and Abuse • Risk factors for abusing prescription painkillers • Prior use of illicit drugs • Low-SES family background • Favorable attitudes toward illicit drugs • Detached parents • Friends who use drugs

35. How Can Adolescent Health And Problems Be Characterized? Substance Use and Abuse • Roles of development • Most adolescents use drugs at some point in their development • Use of drugs to cope with stress; long-term detrimental effects • Early use may predict use in adult life • Parents, peers, and social support can play important roles in prevention

36. Trends in Drug Use by U.S. 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-Grade Students

37. How Can Adolescent Health And Problems Be Characterized? Eating Problems and Disorders • Becoming more common • Obesity • Ages 12–19: obesity increased to 17% • Ethnic variations exist: African American girls and Latino boys at higher risk • Few cross-cultural comparisons done • Interventions • Balanced diet, exercise, behavioral therapy • School changes: programs, foods available

38. How Can Adolescent Health And Problems Be Characterized? Eating Problems and Disorders • Anorexia Nervosa • Eating disorder, relentless to be thin through starvation; serious, can lead to death • Main characteristics • Weighing less than 85% of normal weight • Having intense fear of gaining weight • Having distorted image of one’s body shape

39. How Can Adolescent Health And Problems Be Characterized? Eating Problems and Disorders • Anorexia Nervosa • Begins in teen years • mostly white, female, well-to-do families • Unable to meet high expectations, competition • Influenced by fashion industry and media • Bulimia Nervosa • Eating disorder with binge-and-purge pattern of eating, use of laxatives

40. How Can Adolescent Health And Problems Be Characterized? Eating Problems and Disorders • Bulimia Nervosa • Like anorexics: preoccupied with food, fear of being overweight, depressed or anxious • 90% are women • Begins in late adolescence, early adulthood • About 70% eventually recover

41. Children 14 The End