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Chapter 2 and 3

Chapter 2 and 3. The Planting of English America 1500–1733 Settling the Northern Colonies 1619-1700. England wants Colonies. In the 1500s England made some feeble efforts to develop overseas colonies.

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Chapter 2 and 3

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  1. Chapter 2 and 3 The Planting of English America 1500–1733 Settling the Northern Colonies 1619-1700

  2. England wants Colonies • In the 1500s England made some feeble efforts to develop overseas colonies. • In the 1530s Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church, launching the English Protestant Reformation and England gets caught up in internal issues. In 1558 Henry’s daughter, the Protestant Elizabeth I, became queen and established Protestantism in England. This is when England starts the colonial push in North America.

  3. Issues between Spain and England • Catholic Ireland sought Catholic Spain’s help to throw off the new Protestant English queen. • Spanish aid amounted to little, and in the 1570s–1580s Elizabeth’s troops crushed the Irish uprising. • English soldiers developed a sneering contempt for the “savage” natives, an attitude they took to the New World. I have a sneering contempt for the Irish

  4. Elizabeth Energizes England • In 1577 English semipiratical “sea dogs” under Sir Francis Drake circumnavigated the globe. • In 1585 Sir Walter Raleigh landed on North Carolina’s Roanoke Island. • In 1588 England defeated the SpanishArmada, marking the end of Spain’s imperial dreams. • After victory, the English started to become masters of the world oceans—with important consequences for the American people.

  5. England on the Eve of Empire • England experienced strong economic and social changes and a “surplus population.” • Laws of primogeniture meant that only eldest sons were eligible to inherit landed estates. • By the early 1600s, the joint-stock company was perfected. • Peacewith Spain provided the opportunity for English colonization.

  6. Jamestown • 1603: James I became king of England. • 1606: Virginia Company of London received a charter to settle in the New World. • This charter is significant; guaranteed settlers the same rights as Englishmen. • On May 24, 1607, the Virginia colony of Jamestown was founded (see Map). • John Smith was key to the colony’s survival.

  7. Culture Clash • In 1607 Chieftain Powhatan dominated the James River area. • In 1610 Lord De La Warr arrived from England with orders to deal with the Indians. • In 1614 the First Anglo-Powhatan War ended, sealed by Pocahontas’s marriage to colonist John Rolfe—the first known interracial union in Virginia. • Second Anglo-Powhatan War (1644) was Indians’ last attempt to dislodge Virginians. • The Powhatans’ misfortune was the three Ds: disease, disorganization, and disposability.

  8. Virginia = Tobacco • In 1612 John Rolfe perfected tobacco culture. • Virginia’s prosperity was built on this “bewitching weed,” but King Nicotine depleted the soil. • Besides land, tobacco required lots of labor. • In 1619 a Dutch warship landed at Jamestown and sold some twenty Africans, planting the seeds of North American slavery. • This prosperity made Virginia an up and coming economic power.

  9. Virginia gets too big for its britches I’m not taking no sass from you. Yah, You’re a royal charter now! • In 1619 representative self-government was born in primitive Virginia. • The House of Burgesses was an assembly or miniature parliament in the New World. • James I grew increasingly hostile to Virginia. • In 1624 he revoked the company’s charter and Virginia became a royal colony.

  10. The West Indies: Way Station to Mainland America • England secured claims to several West Indian islands, including Jamaica in 1655. • Their economy was based on sugar. • Had different requirements than tobacco. • Many enslaved Africans were imported to work the sugar plantations. • Black slaves eventually outnumbered white settlers.

  11. A Sugar Mill in Brazil By Frans Post from around 1640

  12. Chapter 3 Settling the Northern Colonies 1619–1700

  13. The Protestant Reformation Produces Puritanism • 1517: Martin Luther began the Protestant Reformation. • 1530s: King Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church. • Puritans: English religious reformers who wanted to purify English Christianity. • Controversy over church membership led to the Separatists breaking from the Church of England. • King James I (r. 1603–1625) threatened to harass the bothersome Separatists out of England. • 1620: Some Separatists (known as Pilgrims) sailed on the Mayflower to Plymouth Bay.

  14. Pilgrims • 1620: Some Separatists (known as Pilgrims) sailed on the Mayflower to Plymouth Bay. • Their Mayflower Compact was an agreement to form a government and submit to the will of the majority under some regulations. • Small settlement survived difficult early years.

  15. The “Bay Colony Bible Commonwealth” • 1629: Charles I dismissed Parliament and persecuted Puritans. • 1630: Puritans founded Massachusetts Bay Colony. • 1630s: 70,000 refugees left England during the Great Migration

  16. The Massachusetts Bay Colony • The Massachusetts Bay Colony became the biggest and most influential colony. • The first colonists believed they had a covenant with God to build a holy society as a model for all humankind. • Unchurched men remained voteless. • The Bay Colony was not a democracy. • Nonbelievers and believers paid taxes for the government-supported church. • Quakers, who flouted the authority of the Puritan clergy, were persecuted.

  17. Roger Williams This is not Roger Williams • Roger Williams was an extreme Separatist. • He challenged clergymen to make a clear break with the Church of England, and challenged the legality of the Bay Colony’s charter; • He challenged the civil authority to regulate religious behavior. • 1636: Williams, with the aid of Indians, fled to Rhode Island. • He built a Baptist church in Providence. • He established complete freedom of religion, even for Jews and Catholics. • He demanded no oaths and he sheltered abused Quakers. • Rhode Island became the most liberal colony.

  18. New England Spreads out • The fertile Connecticut River area attracted Dutch and English settlers. • 1635: Hartford was founded. • 1638: New Haven was founded by Puritans. • 1677: Maine was absorbed by Massachusetts. • 1641: New Hampshire was absorbed by the Bay Colony. • 1679: King Charles II separated New Hampshire from Massachusetts and made it a royal colony.

  19. Puritans vs.Indians • Wampanoag Indians befriended the settlers. • 1621: Wampanoag chieftain Massasoit signed a treaty with the Plymouth Pilgrims. • 1621: The first Thanksgiving was celebrated. • Expanding settlement increased tensions. • 1637: Hostilities between Indians and whites exploded in the brutal Pequot War. The Pequots were crushed. • 40 years of uneasy peace followed. • A few Puritan “praying towns” were established to Christianize remaining Indians. • 1675: Massasoit’s son Metacom (King Philip) forged intertribal alliance to resist settlers. • 1675–1676: King Philip’s War slowed English settlement for a time, but overall inflicted a lasting defeat on Indians in New England.

  20. The Seeds of Colonial Unity and Independence • 1643: Four colonies formed New England Confederation. Its primary aim was defense against foes. • Each colony had two votes. • The confederation was essentially an exclusive Puritan club. • Its members were the Bay Colony, Plymouth, New Haven, and scattered valley colonies. • It was a milestone toward colonial unity. • Distracted by the English Civil War, England exercised benign neglect in the colonies. As a result, colonists developed habits of relative independence.

  21. The Seeds of Colonial Unity and Independence (part 2) • 1660: King Charles II was restored and wanted to impose a much more active management of the colonies. • Massachusetts resisted Charles’s efforts. • From the 1660s to the 1680s Charles manipulates charters, royal authorities, and navigation laws in order to more tightly tie the colonies to England. • The colonies most closely tied to trade don’t like this one bit. The actions taken against Sir Edmund Andros are awfully close to rebellion.

  22. Friction with English and Swedish Neighbors • The Dutch company-colony (New Amsterdam) was beset by problems, especially with the Indians. • Settlers on Manhattan Island erected a wall, from which Wall Street derived its name. • 1638–1655: Swedes trespassed on Dutch claims by planning New Sweden on the Delaware River (see Map 3.4). • 1655: Resenting the Swedes, the Dutch dispatched a small military expedition. • Peter Stuyvesant successfully absorbed New Sweden into New Netherland. • 1664: England seized New Netherland from the Dutch. • New Amsterdam was renamed New York. • England gained a splendid harbor and the stately Hudson River. • The English banner now waved over a stretch of territory from Maine to the Carolinas. • New York retained an autocratic spirit. • This lordly atmosphere discouraged many European immigrants from coming.

  23. New Amsterdam, 1664 – soon to become New York

  24. Penn’s Holy Experiment in Pennsylvania • Quakers were simple, devoted, democratic people, contending for religious and civic freedom. • 1660: William Penn was attracted to the Quaker faith and suffered much persecution. • Penn’s thoughts turned to the New World. • 1681: He secured land from the king. • The king called the land Pennsylvania (“Penn’s Woodland”). • Pennsylvania was the best-advertised colony. • His liberal land policy also attracted many immigrants.

  25. Quakers and their Neighbors • Quaker tolerance of non-Quaker immigrants eventually undermined Penn’s Indian policy. • Penn’s proprietary regime was unusually liberal and thus attracted many immigrants: • Representative assembly elected by landowners • No tax-supported state church • Freedom of worship • Restricted use of death penalty • However, “Blue laws” prohibited “ungodly revelers,” stage plays, playing cards, dice, games, and excessive hilarity.

  26. The Middle Way in the Middle Colonies • Common features of New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and Pennsylvania: • Rivers like the Susquehanna, the Delaware, and the Hudson tapped the interior fur trade. • Industry stimulated commerce and the growth of seaports like New York and Philadelphia. • They became the “bread colonies” because of grain exports. • Industry stimulated commerce and the growth of seaports like New York and Philadelphia. • The middle colonies were midway between New England and the southern plantations: • Landholding was intermediate in size. • Local government was between personalized town meetings of New England and diffused county government of the South. • They had fewer industries than New England, but more than the South.

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