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Module 8

Module 8. Reporting and Analyzing Nonowner Financing. Current Liabilities - Operating. Accounts payable - Obligations to others for amounts owed on purchases of goods and services; these are usually non-interest-bearing.

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Module 8

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  1. Module 8 Reporting and Analyzing Nonowner Financing

  2. Current Liabilities - Operating • Accounts payable - Obligations to others for amounts owed on purchases of goods and services; these are usually non-interest-bearing. • Accrued liabilities - Obligations for which there is no related external transaction in the current period. These include, for example, accruals for employee wages and taxes, as well as accruals for other liabilities such as rent, utilities, and insurance.

  3. Current Liabilities - Nonoperating • Short-term interest-bearing loans - Short-term bank borrowings and notes expected to mature in whole or in part during the upcoming year; this item can include any accrued interest payable. • Current maturities of long-term debt - Long-term liabilities that are scheduled to mature in whole or in part during the upcoming year.

  4. Accounts Payable Turnover andDays Payable Outstanding

  5. Uncertain Accruals • A contingent liability is a potential liability whose occurrence and/or ultimate amount is dependent upon a future event. • If the obligation is probable and the amount estimable, then a company will recognize this obligation. • If only one of the criteria is met, the contingent liability is disclosed in the footnotes.

  6. Short-term Interest-Bearing Loans • Companies generally finance seasonal swings in working capital with a bank line of credit.

  7. Bond Pricing – 2 Important Rates • Coupon (contract or stated) rate- the coupon rate of interest is stated in the bond contract; it is used to compute the dollar amount of (semiannual) interest payments that are paid to bondholders during the life of the bond issue. • Market (yield or effective) rate -this is the interest rate that investors expect to earn on the investment for this debt security; this rate is used to price the bond.

  8. Cash Flows from Bonds • Assume that investors wish to price a bond with a face amount of $10 million, an annual coupon rate of 6% payable semiannually (3% semiannual rate), and a maturity of 10 years. • Investors purchasing this issue will receive the following cash flows:

  9. Bond Pricing:Coupon Rate < Market Rate (Discount) • Assume that investors expect an 8% annual yield (4% semi-annual yield). • Given this discount rate, the bond will sell for $8,640,999:

  10. Bond Pricing:Coupon Rate > Market Rate (Premium) • Assume that investors expect only a 4% annual yield (2% semiannual yield). • Given this new discount rate, the bond sells for $11,635,129:

  11. Coupon Rate vs. Market Rate

  12. Effective Cost of Debt • Sale atpar - the effective cost to the company is the cash interest paid. • Sale at a discount - the effective cost to the company includes both the cash interest paid and the discount. • Sale at apremium - the effective cost to the company, then, is the cash interest paid less the premium amortization.

  13. Accounting for Bonds: Income Statement Interest expense in the income statement is the sum of two components:

  14. Gain (Loss) on Repurchase of Bonds

  15. Verizon’s L-T Debt Footnote Companies are required to present a schedule of debt maturities for each of the next 5 years:

  16. Debt Ratings

  17. Bond Interest Rates

  18. Factors Affecting Bond Ratings

  19. Moody’s Ratings Distributions

  20. Global Accounting Under IFRS, companies can limit disclosure of contingent liabilities if doing so would severely prejudice the entity’s competitive or legal position. IFRS offers more disclosure of liabilities and accruals. Under IFRS, convertible debt is split into two parts: debt and equity (reflecting the option to convert).

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