Advanced C1 – C2

1. Advanced C1 – C2 Joining Grammar Forces

2. Unit 2 – Presentation 1 • What is a Verb? The most interesting word of the sentence. It can show action, imply different ways of doing things, add verve to speech or writing, denote states or occurrences, be static, link or separate sentences, etc. • What does ‘Verb’ mean? Coming from Latin ‘verbum’, meaning ‘word’, which in turn comes from Greek rhema<rhesis (speech), it means: sth said.

3. How many forms does the English Verb have? 3

4. Why do we need different verb forms and how do we use them? • form the grammatical tenses • link sentences together Infinitives Participles shorten speech to stop us using subordinate clauses all the time All 3 Verb Forms

5. Some Categories of VerbsPresentation 2

6. Main OR Finite Verbs Κύρια Ή Κλιτά Ρήματα= are the backbone of the sentence and are limited by number, person, voice, mood and tense. e.g. come, belong, appear, etc

7. Auxiliary OR Helping Verbs Δευτερεύοντα Ή Βοηθητικά Ρήματα= are the aids of Main verbs in forming the tenses, thus producing verbal phrases. They are: BE, HAVE, DO.

8. Modal Verbs Βοηθητικά/ Εγκλιτικά Ρήματα= further aids of both Main and Auxiliary ones but also responsible for changing Moods within a sentence. e.g. COMPARE: Strange as it sounds, I’ll look into it AND Strange as it may sound, I’ll look into it. They are:

9. Some Categories of Main VerbsPresentation 3

10. Transitive Verbs Μεταβατικά Ρήματα= are those that take an object. Usually action verbs, where the effect of that action is passed on to the object after them. e.g. They systematically neglecttheir duties.

11. Intransitive Verbs Αμετάβατα Ρήματα= are those that do not take an object. Usually verbs of motion, position or state but there could be others. e.g. “Are you coming?” – “No, thanks, I’m staying”. Note:Sometimes, verbs can be both transitive and intransitive e.g.burn: The troops burntthe compound before deserting it BUT The compoundburnt down in seconds. Some intransitive verbs can have transitive uses e.g.leak: The water pipesare leaking again BUT He has been leakinginformation to the enemy.

12. Double-Object Verbs Δίπτωτα Ρήματα= are the transitive verbs that take twoobjects, usu. a thing and a person. Usually found in two possible constructions: Verb + sth + to/ for + sb e.g.They sentthe goodstous OR Verb + sb + sth e.g.They sentusthe goods.

13. Νumber, Person, Voice, Mood & Tense Presentation 4

14. Number • In English, a verb’s number is made obvious only by the person preceding it and, on occasion, by the ending of either the verb itself, or its auxiliary. e.g. I go – we go, he goes – they go, does he go – do we go.

15. Person A verb’s person is very important & must appear before it! By ‘person’, or subject, in grammar we mean: i) any proper or common noun, e.g. Mount Everest is the top of the Himalayas. ii) a pronoun, e.g. It used to be considered the highest of summits. iii) a gerund, e.g.Getting there was strenuous as well as risky. iv) a noun clause, or e.g.What climbers were really after was the adventure. v) a noun phrase in the nominative case. e.g. The fact that most died getting there only added to the excitement.

16. Voice • The voice a verb is in shifts the focus of the sentence. • Two main voices in English: Active & Passive. • An active sentence focuses on the subject (who/ what does sth) e.g. The robber closed the circuit. • whereas a passive one focuses on the object and the action itself. e.g. The circuit was closed (by the robber) . • There is also a kind of Middle voice. e.g. The circuit closed (by itself).

17. How else can you form the Middle Voice? By using the Reflexive (-self) Pronouns What do you know about the Moods? See Unit 10 And about the Tenses? See the next Unit (No. 3)

18. An Irregular-Verbs List for Advanced Students • You have been learning Irregular Verbs for as long as you have been studying English. Do you know what the three Columns do?

19. Double Participle Verbs Ρήματα με δύο τύπους μετοχής= the verbs that have two participles:  one that forms the perfect and passive tenses, e.g. The great man was struck down with a single blow and  one that is only used as an adjective, predicate or suffix in compound adjectives. e.g. The war-stricken country could only take so much!

20. The most common Double Participle Verbs are: • from work: wrought (instead of worked) • from drink: drunken (instead of drunk) • from load: laden (instead of loaded) • from get: gotten (instead of got) • from rot: rotten (instead of rotted) • from knit: knit (instead of knitted) • from sink: sunken (instead of sunk) • from shave: shaven (instead of shaved) • from shrink: shrunken [instead of shrunk] • from strike: stricken (instead of struck) • from clothe: clad (instead of clothed) • from light: lighted (instead of lit) • from swell: swollen (instead of the less common swelled)

21. Spelling & Pronunciation Considerations Presentation 5

22. Spelling Considerations 1 • PRESENT SIMPLE – 3RD PERSON SINGULAR  Rule: verb + s e.g. read + sreads Exception 1: verb in –ss, -ch, -sh, -x, -o+ ese.g. kiss + eskisses Exception 2: verb in consonant + y + iese.g. cry + iescries Pronunciation Considerations 1

23. Spelling Considerations 2 • PAST SIMPLE & PAST PARTICIPLE (REGULAR VERBS)  Rule: verb + ede.g. work + edworked Exception 1: verb in –e + de.g. live + d lived Exception 2: verb in consonant + y + iede.g. cry + iedcried Exception 3: verb in one stressed vowel + one consonant = double consonant + ed e.g. prefer + r + edpreferred *British final –l always doubles Pronunciation Considerations 2

24. Spelling Considerations 3 • GERUND & PRESENT PARTICIPLE –ing FORM  Rule: verb + inge.g. work + ingworking Exception 1: verb in e+ inge.g. live + ingliving Exception 2: verb in one stressed vowel + one consonant = double consonant + inge.g. prefer + r + ingpreferring *British final –l always doubles Exception 3: verb in ie+ y +ing e.g. lie + y+ inglying