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Latin American Revolutions

Latin American Revolutions. Libertyville HS. Conquest to Colonies. Conquistadors defeated Aztecs, Mayans & Incans; set up gov’ts Colonial Administration Directed from Spain Responsible to Spain BUT semi-independent from Spain Distance Communication time. The Colonial Experience.

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Latin American Revolutions

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  1. Latin American Revolutions Libertyville HS

  2. Conquest to Colonies • Conquistadors defeated Aztecs, Mayans & Incans; set up gov’ts • Colonial Administration • Directed from Spain • Responsible to Spain • BUT semi-independent from Spain • Distance • Communication time

  3. The Colonial Experience • Social structure based on purity of Spanish bloodlines • Peninsulares: socially superior to all others • Criollos(Iberians born in New Spain): wealthiest class • Mestizos: Spanish men, American Ind. Women; excluded from econ op. • Slaves • Catholic Church • Church as imp. as gov’t officials • Natives identified w/ Virgin Mary • Crucifixion mirrored their suffering

  4. The Colonial Experience • Economy • Mining was key (silver, gold) • Encomiendas(labor system) • Given a certain # of natives • Responsible for teaching Spanish, religion in exchange for food, gold • Haciendas (self sufficient land grants) • Trade • Spanish monopoly • Slave trade: British monopoly

  5. Haitian Revolution (against French) • Santo Domingo (island) • 2/3 of Fr. Tropical imports • 1/3 of Fr. Total foreign trade! • Brutal slave economy • Poor living conditions • Harsh punishments • Constant demand for more African slaves

  6. The Haitian Revolution • French Rev. in France led to rev. in islands • Rich planters vs. free mixed race population (“gens de coleur” – mulattoes) • Slaves take advantage, rebel • Plantations burned, masters killed, houses destroyed

  7. Haitian Revolution • Toussaint L’Ouverture • Former slave, leader of rebellion • Created an organized, disciplined military force • 1794: Fr. NA abolished slavery • 1801: L’Ouverture adopted liberal constitution • Asserted loyalty to France BUT made Haiti indep. • And then Napoleon took over…

  8. Haitian Revolution • 1802: Nap. sent army to reclaim Santo Domingo • Captured Toussaint (sent to France, died in prison) • Brutal fighting • Malaria infected French troops, killing majority • Fr. forces withdrew • US under President Jefferson put embargo on Haiti (feared free blacks)

  9. Opposition to Spanish Control • Simon Bolivar (1783-1830) • Success of American Revolution inspired him to seek freedom for Spanish colonies • Called “The Liberator” • Contributed to liberation of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Panama, Bolivia • Formed federation of former colonies called Gran Columbia • Served as its president from 1821-1830 • Believed in strong central gov’t • Tended towards dictatorship Gran Columbia in blue

  10. The Disintegration of Argentina • Decades of civil war tore Argentina apart • Paraguay, Uruguay, and Bolivia declared independence from Argentina • Caudillo (dictator) became typical – why? • Lack of democratic tradition in Spain, colonies • Juan Manuel Rosas, caudillo of Argentina (1828-52) • Brutal dictator who nevertheless brought peace and stability to region Juan Manuel de Rosas, caudillo of Argentina

  11. Quote from Rosas “The King can be compared with a father, and reciprocally a father can be compared with the King, and then set the duties of the monarch by those of the parental authority. Love, govern, reward and punish is what a King and a father must do. In the end, there's nothing less legitimate than anarchy, which removes property and security from the people, as force becomes then the only right.”

  12. Mexican Independence • Mexican Republic est. 1823 • Spain invaded, 1829 (defeated) • French invaded, 1838 (defeated) • Mexico invited US citizens to settle in Texas (then, a state of Mexico) in 1820s • Soon outnumbered Mexicans • Opposed Mexican gov’ts abolition of slavery

  13. Mexican Independence • Decades of conflict included war with America and a Mexican civil war • Cession of 1848 • Transfer of 2/3 of Mexican nation to America • Result of Mexican American War • Today, makes up the American SW

  14. Mexican Independence • French invaded in 1862, set up Maximilian as Emperor • Austrian Hapsburg • US threatened to get involved after 1865 • French pulled out, Max executed in 1867

  15. Results of Independence Movements • Legacy of Spanish colonialism (cultural) • Political liberalism limited (no democratic traditions) • Much of L.A. were economic disaster areas (corruption, primitive economies) • Latin American weakness allowed USA rise to prominence in last ½ of 19th C.

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