Dario Bottazzi, Antonio Corradi, and Rebecca Montanari University of Bologna

1. Context-Aware Middleware Solutions for Anytime and AnywhereEmergency Assistance to Elderly People Dario Bottazzi, Antonio Corradi, and Rebecca Montanari University of Bologna Quality Assurance and Devices In Telemedicine 4조 김병렬, 이승환, 홍창기

2. Outline • One line comment • Motivation/Problem • Approach • Analysis • Experiments • Critique

3. One line comment • Context awareness for anytime and anywhere assistance manage ad hoc assistance groups Emergency assistance Ubiquitous Ad hoc Network A B Context awareness is a crucial in group management supports Context awareness can also help to reduce bystander apathy

4. Motivation & Problem • Anytime and anywhere outdoor assistance requires • formation of first response groups wherever emergency events occurs • Not only medical personnel, but also friends, neighbors, and passer-by can contribute • Potential helpers may suffer from bystander apathy • the interactions among first responders needed to make rapid decisions in unexpected situations • to coordinate assistance tasks depending on user skills, location, and device characteristics

5. Approach • The Approach • Group feeling • The interaction among assistance team members are facilitated • Context Awareness • crucial in the design of group management supports • reduce bystander apathy if passer-by know who is helping and which activities are being performed • Challenges Passer -by ? Physician Neighbors Elderly patient Emergency !! Friends

6. Analysis • AGAPE model • AGAPE group management is based on the locality concept to establish well-defined group management boundaries. • In AGAPE each LME identifies one specific locality and supports group management operations for only the group members placed within its locality.

7. Analysis • AGAPE Architecture • Group management layer provides the services needed to create/dissolve and manage group • Group communication layer provides services to support asynchronous message-oriented communication

8. Analysis • Group Management support • LME(elderly patient’s device )- Locality Manager Entity • ME(passing users’ device )- Managed Entity • GID- group identifier • PID- personal identifier(unique within group) • PENS- Proximity Enabled Naming Service- randomly generates and assigns GIDs and PIDs- senses advertisements sent at regular times by ME/LME via PS(proximity service)- build a table that associates each entity with its GID/PID, IP address, and role(ME or LME)

9. Analysis • Group creation • occurs when the group is first created(by an LME) and any time an entity(ME/LME) need to join a group

10. Analysis • Group Management support • PS- Proximity service- exploits a bounded flooding protocol to limit advertisement message propagation within specific locality • bounded flooding protocol - LME broadcasts an advertisement containing its GID/PID, IP address , role, and a counter representing the h parameter - each entity receiving the message decrements the counter and rebroadcasts the message until the counter has 0 (a null value) • h- Maximum radius of locality in network hop • J/LMS- Join/Leave Manager Service- allows entities to discover and join/leave groups of their interest- discovery and joining rely on visibility of group/user/device profiles

11. Analysis • Joining

12. Analysis • Group Management support • VMS- View Manager Service- creates, maintains and disseminates views to group members at regular times- view contains the list of co-located group members along with their profiles(context-dependent view)- bounded flooding protocol, similarly to PS • view- group memberPID/IP address(obtained from PENS)- user/device profile(obtained by J/LMS during the joining phase)

13. Analysis • LME coordination • To cope with mobility-induced changes in group membership, VMS coordinates with PENS to obtain the notification of arrival, departure and disconnection of a group member entity, and updates views accordingly.

14. Analysis • Group Communication support • CS- Communication Service- select message receivers of interest and forward messages- exploits user/device profiles(context-aware message forwarding) • MSS- Message Scheduler Service- dynamically assign priority to messages depending on application-specific(context-aware message scheduling)- MSS builds a priority table that associates each user/device/group profile with priority level. • MPMS- Message Presentation Manager Service- message content adaptation according to profile(context-aware message presentation)

15. Experimental Setup • Deployment setting • Mobile Ad hoc Network(MANET) scenario- IEEE 802.11b(wireless cards)- static IP- AODV(Ad hoc On Demanding Distance Vector) routing protocol • Xybernauts MA-V wearable device -Elderly users and physicians Pc Expo inJapan 2001.6.29 http://www.watch.impress.co.jp

16. Experimental Setup • Deployment setting • ECG Pocket View Holter- monitors arrhythmia disorders through skin-contact electrodes • iPAQ PDAs-Linux familiar, Personal Java and a subset of AGAPE service Institute Renata http://www.instituutrenata.com/

17. Experimental Setup • Deployment setting • Elderly patient/physician/passer-by/group profiles

18. Experimental Scenario • Team Creation • Elderly patient device LME • All other device Mes • Physicians and ordinary people are located close to the elderly patient(eye contact proximity) • Devices may be placed at different distances from a few meter to 100m • When an anomalous arrhythmia is detected- LME formation of an assistance teamPS: advertise its availability PENS: generate GID/PID and set up the table for the group- MEs sense advertise via their PENS • Upon group detection- ME passer-by join the group- LME inserts the new group member profile in the view return the view to new group member • While the elderly patient is waiting for help- context-dependent views may change

19. Experimental Scenario • Intervention plan and user application • to reduce bystander apathy • Emergency notification by sound signal at increasing volume

20. Experimental Scenario • Collaboration • Provide to-do and how-to list (European Resuscitation Council guidelines) • Propagate the to-do list update • All messages require scheduling and format adaptation- physician can assign higher priority to her message- directly assist the patient in speech mode

21. Evaluation • Measure • Responsiveness- outdoor- small area with large number of devices • Battery degradation • Results • Responsiveness in outdoor- 4 laptops + 16 PDAs- group creation - patient’s device requires a few hundred millsec - group joining – trade-off between responsiveness and network overload • Responsiveness in small area with large number of devices-2 – 200 passers-by- IEEE 802.11 network, 2Mb/s, 250m connectivity range- one patient’s device in a 1km square area- degrades in presence of 100 nodes due to packet losses

22. Evaluation • Results • Battery degradation-VMS requires continuous IEEE 802l.11 connections-reasonable choice in range between 10-15s • Comments • Socio-psychological and aesthetic • It is hardly realistic to expect elderly to walk around with heavy laptops

23. Critique • Strong points • Groups are created on demand on the basis of context awareness • Provide online context aware group communication functionality • Modular design • Wider range of usage with sensors • context awareness is a crucial property in the design of group management supports for anytime and anywhere assistance and can also help to reduce bystander apathy. • aware that socio-psychological and aesthetic deeply impact on the success/failure of their prototype adoption.

24. Critique • Weak points • Securitytrade-off between elder privacy and exposure of monitored, sensitive, health-related information • Safety critical system. What if there are no nodes in connectivity range of 250m, What if device is out of battery? This is also critical problem.

25. New idea • Asyou know… • Reliability concerned with network bandwidth and connectivity should be considered significantly in emergency assistant system. • Context aware middleware is essential application not only in telemedicine, but also in all other ubiquitous environments like home networks.

26. New idea • Home networks • Set-top box is nowadays a web server at home • Connect all devices to set-top box include the door lock system • Your PDA has your profile except password • When your PDA is connected to the home server devices know your profile and customize services Any server Home server Hand held device Bluetooth, WIFI