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Advancements in Photovoltaics

Advancements in Photovoltaics. Claudia Pavel September 14, 2010. Objectives. Explaining how a grid-tied solar electric system works Understanding solar terminology Power vs Energy STC vs PTC Technology Update PV Industry Review. Grid-tied Solar System Components. Solar Modules

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Advancements in Photovoltaics

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  1. Advancements in Photovoltaics Claudia Pavel September 14, 2010

  2. Objectives • Explaining how a grid-tied solar electric system works • Understanding solar terminology • Power vs Energy • STC vs PTC • Technology Update • PV Industry Review

  3. Grid-tied Solar System Components Solar Modules Inverter Electric Service Panel Meters Utility Grid Locale / site Installation

  4. Explaining How a Solar Electric System Works • “Net metering” is the most difficult concept of a grid-tied system • Batteryless systems shut down when the grid goes down • Solar REC meter only applies to PNM territory, but….

  5. Explaining How a Solar System Works Solar Power (DC) Inverter (DC to AC) House Service Panel (AC) House AC Loads Meter Utility Grid

  6. Grid Tied PV - Block Diagram Solar Power (DC) Inverter (DC to AC) Batteries (DC) - Optional - House Service Panel (AC) Critical (Backed Up) AC Loads House AC Loads Meter Utility Grid

  7. Understanding Terminology Small Scale Wind Generators (Electricity) Solar Electricity, Photovoltaics Solar Thermal - Hot water & Heating Solar Air Collector - Heat

  8. Understanding Terminology Solar Electric Systems • Stand Alone (Off-Grid) • Batteryless Grid-Tied (Utility-Intertied) • Grid-Tied with Battery Back-Up

  9. Understanding Terminology • Power is the Rate of Energy The unit of power is watts The power of a 100 watt light bulb is 100 watts • Energy is work The unit of energy is watts x time or watt-hours One 100 watt light bulb “on” for 10 hours = 1000 watt-hours 1 kilowatt (kWh).

  10. Converting Module STC to Output • Output = Sun-hours x derating x PV kW (DC) • Sun-hours = 6.4 hours/day in Albuquerque • Derating ~ 62% to 82% 1: • Temperature 83% to 92% • Module soiling, mismatch, etc 85% to 93% • Inverter efficiency 88% to 96% • Example of standard 3kW project: • 6.4 sun-hrs x 66% derating x 3.0 kW = 12.7 kWh/day • 12.7kWh/day x 30 days = 381 kWh per month • This covers 64% of average energy per household 1. This excludes derating for shading, tilt angle, and orientation

  11. Longevity of Equipment • Solar Panels (PV modules) • Warranted to produce > 80% of rated power for 25 years • Rated to withstand 1 inch hailstone • Inverter • Warranted for 10 years • Expected life about 15-20 years • Represents ~10% of total system cost

  12. Modules are Not Created EqualModule Specifications Sharp NT-175U1 Module Specification: Maximum Power (STC) 175 Watts PTC Power Rating 151.8 Watts Open Circuit Voltage 44.4Voc Maximum Voltage 35.4 Vmp Short Circuit Current 5.4 Isc Maximum Current 4.95 Imp Temperature Coefficient of Voltage -0.144V/ deg. C

  13. Module Rating - PTC vs STC • STC (Standard Test Conditions) is the standard used to sell the module: • Assumptions: 1000/W per m2, 25 degree module cell temperature (laboratory conditions) • PTC stands for PVUSA Test Condition and more closely states module rating • Assumptions: 800/W per m2, 20 degree C ambient temperature, and 1 m/s wind speed. • PTC averages about 89% of STC but makes modules easier to compare http://www.gosolarcalifornia.org/equipment/pvmodule.html

  14. Te

  15. Sqft Manufacturer's 60 SunPower, Sanyo . 80 Sharp, Suntech, Solarworld 94 Evergreen, Kyocera 108 Nano-solar 156 First Solar 183 Uni-solar, Kaneka Module Efficiency

  16. Source: Photon International, March 2008

  17. Higher Cost/Efficiency vs Low Cost Module

  18. Higher Cost/Efficiency vs. Low Cost

  19. Technology & Industry Update

  20. A VISION for PV • European PV Industry Association estimates PV to offset 12% of total power by 2020. • PV growth rate to reach this goal is 25%/yr or 250 Gigawatts (GW) worldwide in 10 years. • What technology takes us to 250 GW of PV?

  21. Module Technology - Base material for solar cells

  22. Module Pricing

  23. First Solar Close to Grid ParityWall Street’s Glamour Company

  24. First Solar -

  25. Indium used in most thin film technologies has 13 years left at present consumption levels

  26. Electric Vehicles (EV) are Coming * Before incentives

  27. Evolution of Transportation

  28. Building Integrated PV

  29. SunPower Flat Tile & S Tile BIPV S-Tile Flat Tile

  30. SunPowerSunTile® BIPV for Asphalt Shingles

  31. Uni-solar Laminate for Metal Roofs

  32. Kaneka BIPV on Glass

  33. BIPV Advantages, Disadvantages

  34. Japan and Europe Ahead in BIPV

  35. PV Industry Perspective

  36. Global power needs Energy prices / Energy security Climate change Solar price parity Roughly double by 2025 – US DOE Oil $50-$110 per barrel – Goldman Sachs Need 30% renewables by 2030 – NREL 5-10 years for major markets - Sunpower What’s Driving the Solar Market?

  37. Growth rate = 30% per year over 15 years Total installed = 20 GW Germany = 9 GW / Spain = 2.8% of usage Source: Photon International, Feb 2010

  38. All market segments expected to more than double for the next several years Local and national policy will impact these projections

  39. 3 to 1 leverage Source: https://eed.llnl.gov/flow/02flow.php

  40. Today’s Electricity Energy Sources US 1 PNM 2 Coal 52% 41% Nuclear 21% 16% Oil/Gas 18% 22% RE 10% 8% Purchases 13% Source: (1) US – DOE data 2006 (2) PNM - 2008

  41. What is Driving the Solar Market?Climate Change 10/20/30 Plan 20% by 2020 / 30% by 2030 Target: stabilize climate change at 550 parts per million

  42. Plan B Target: stabilize climate change at 350 parts per million

  43. Atmospheric CO2 LevelsBased on Russian Ice Core Samples

  44. Rate of Change of Atmospheric CO2 Levels

  45. First Energy Efficiency and Conservation “Efficiency can save 75 percent of America’s electricity at lower cost than making it at existing power plants.” -- Amory Lovins, 2006 Rocky Mountain Institute

  46. Renewable Portfolio Standardwww.dsireusa.org June 2009

  47. www.dsireusa.orgDatabase for State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency Additional Summary Maps  3rd-Party Solar PPA Policies   Grant Programs for Renewables Interconnection Standards   Loan Programs for Renewables Net Metering Policies   PACE Financing Policies   Property Tax Incentives for Renewables Public Benefits Funds for Renewables Rebate Programs for Renewables RPS Policies with Solar/DG Provisions   Sales Tax Incentives for Renewables

  48. Market penetration expected to be ~2-3 years ahead of this projection 2010 Market Forecast

  49. NM Industry Perspective

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