Europe

1. Europe

2. Geography • Important physical features • The Danube River • Rhine River, English Channel • Mediterranean Sea • European Plain • The Alps • Pyrenees • Ural Mountains • Iberian Peninsula • Scandinavian Peninsula. The Matterhorn located on the border between Switzerland and Italy

3. Geography • Important Countries • Belgium • France • Germany • Italy • Poland • Russia • Spain • Ukraine • United Kingdom

4. Environmental Issues • Germany: Acid Rain • United Kingdom: Air Pollution • Chernobyl, Ukraine: nuclear disaster • Germany’s sulfur deposits, increased industrialization, and east-blowing winds all contribute to acid rain. • In Ukraine, many birth defects, soil contamination, and high rates of cancer are attributed to nuclear power plant meltdown • The Rhine River is polluted

5. Impact of location, climate, natural resources, and population distribution on Europe • Russia’s climate affect its ability to trade because there are fewer goods to produce and trade in north and north eastern Russia because of the harsh climate. • Compared to Russia, the United Kingdom (UK) is more reliant on waterways for trade because the UK is made up of a series of islands.

6. Cultural • There is great diversity in European languages that helps explain some cultural differences. • Germany, England, Russia, France, and Italy all have their own language. • The major religions in Europe are similar because they are monotheistic and believe in one god

7. Economics • Three basic economic questions that all economic systems must answer are: What to produce, how to produce it, and for whom to produce the goods. • Most countries around the world would answer the three basic economic questions by using a mixture of command and market economies. • The United Kingdom, Germany, and Russia have significantly different economic systems.

8. Economics • One country would place an embargo on another country due to political differences. • Many countries in Europe have not adopted the Euro as their form of currency.  When these countries wish to trade with countries that do use the Euro, the value of the goods they wish to trade is determined a system of exchange rates that allow them to swap currencies. • Countries investing in several new education and training programs for employees will experience long term economic growth.

9. Economics • There is a direct relationship between GDP and investment in capital. • A country with few natural resources rely more heavily on manufacturing and industry for money. • Tariff: Tax on imports • Opportunity Cost: The cost you give up when you make a choice. • Economic Union: 27 member nations that work together to expand prosperity, spread democracy, defends human rights, and the rule of law.

10. European History • Access to the Amazon River made Brazil the richest of all European colonies. • England began to use Australia as a colony where they could send their prisoners. • Colonization created competition and rivalries over the use of resources found in these places contributed to the outbreak of WWI.

11. European History • The Scientific Revolution created a method for testing theories. • The Industrial Revolution was a shift from hand tools and animals to machinery ran by fuels or natural forces such as water. • Better job, better homes, reduced prices, factory made items, sewing machines, better education were all part of the social improvement of the Industrial Revolution.

12. European History • Air pollution, shortages, crowded living conditions, dangerous work conditions, long work hours, child labor, and diseases were caused by the Industrial Revolution. • Motives for European exploration: crusades, spreading religion, renaissance, reformation, monarchs seeking new sources of revenue, fame, fortune • Prince Henry the Navigator: Found a route around the tip of Africa Prince Henry the Navigator

13. European History: WW1 , WWI • There were major revolutions in countries like Russia, uncertainty in Europe because of the Treaty of Versailles, and a developing global depression following World War I. • World War II was a starting ground for the Cold War at the end of WWII because of the two super powers struggling for world power.

14. European History: WW1 , WWI • The Holocaust: Major historic event is associated with World War II; over 6 million Jews and 5 million people from other groups killed by Nazis led by Hitler • The treaty of Versailles forces Germany to give up territory and pay a huge sum for war damage. • The Soviet built the Berlin Wall to prevent their people from escaping to Western Europe. • Germany was affected by the collapse of the Soviet Union because West and East Germany could now reunite as one country.

15. European History: WW1 , WWI • Europe empire building in Africa and Asia contributed to WW1 • A Cold War is a period of hostility between countries that uses words, embargos, and sanctions. Weapons and physical war are not in a Cold War. • Nationalism: Strong devotion to one’s country • Imperialism: The building of a country’s power by gaining control of a home country. • Colonialism: The system of bringing foreign lands under the control of a home country. • Great Depression; A great economic slump in the 1930.