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Health Occupations

Health Occupations. The Cell. Definitions. Anatomy Study of form & structure of organism Physiology Study of processes of living organisms, why & how they work Pathophysiology Study of how disease occurs & responses of living organisms to disease processes. Protoplasm.

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Health Occupations

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  1. Health Occupations The Cell

  2. Definitions Anatomy Study of form & structure of organism Physiology Study of processes of living organisms, why & how they work Pathophysiology Study of how disease occurs & responses of living organisms to disease processes

  3. Protoplasm • Basic substance of life • Makes up all living things • Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus • Unique combo we call life • Forms the basic unit of structure in all living things – the cell

  4. The Cell • Microscopic • Carries on all functions of life • Building block of the body • Functions • Takes in food and oxygen • Produces heat & energy • Moves & adapts to the environment • Eliminates wastes • Performs special functions • Reproduces to create new, identical cells

  5. Cell Parts • Cell Membrane – • Outer protective covering • Semi permeable • Allows certain substances in & out • Prevents other substances from leaving or entering

  6. Cell Membrane

  7. Cell Parts • Cytoplasm • Jelly like fluid inside cell that surrounds cell parts • Water, proteins, lipids, CHO, minerals, salts • Site for all chemical reactions in cell • Contains organelles • Cell structures that help cell function • nucleus, mitochrondria, ribosomes, liposomes, centrioles, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum

  8. Cell Membrane Cytoplasm

  9. Cell Parts - Organelles • Nucleus • Brains of the cell • Controls cell activities • Directs reproduction

  10. Nucleus Cell Membrane Cytoplasm

  11. Cell Parts - Organelles • Nucleolus • Inside nucleus • Important for reproduction • Manufactures ribosomes • RNA – ribonucleic acid & protein • Move from nucleus to cytoplams • Aids in protein synthesis (production) • Can exist freely or as attached to endoplasmic reticulum

  12. Ribosomes Nucleolus Nucleus Cell Membrane Cytoplasm

  13. Cell Parts - Organelles • Chromatin • Inside nucleus • Make up of DNA • Deoxynucleic acid & protein • During reproduction • Chromatin condenses & forms chromosomes • Human has 46 or 23 pairs • Chromosomes • 100,000 genes with inherited characteristics • Gene • Specific & unique code of about 1,000 DNA pairs that carry coding for exact cell duplication • Can be used for identification because each sequence is unique

  14. Ribosomes Nucleolus Chromatin Nucleus Cell Membrane Cytoplasm

  15. Cell Parts - Organelles • Centrosome • Located in cytoplasm near nucleus • Contains 2 centrioles • During mitosis (cell division), centrioles separate • Cytoplasmic spindle fibers form between centrioles & attach to chromosomes • Creates an even division of chromosomes in the 2 new cells

  16. Ribosomes Nucleolus Chromatin Nucleus Centrosome Cell Membrane Cytoplasm

  17. Cell Parts – Organelles • Mitochondria • Rod-shaped • Furnaces or power houses of cells • Break down CHO, proteins, fats • Produce ATP • Adenosine triphosphate • Cell’s major energy source

  18. Ribosomes Nucleolus Mitochondria Chromatin Nucleus Centrosome Cell Membrane Cytoplasm

  19. Cell Parts - Organelles • Golgi Apparatus • Stack of membrane layers • Produces, stores, packages secretions for discharge from cell • Salivary, gastric, pancreatic cells have many golgi apparatus

  20. Golgi apparatus Ribosomes Nucleolus Mitochondria Chromatin Nucleus Centrosome Cell Membrane Cytoplasm

  21. Cell Parts - Organelles • Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) • Fine network of tubular structures • Allows for transport of materials in & out of nucleus • Aids in synthesis & storage of proteins • Rough Endoplasmic reticulum • Has ribosomes, sites for protein production • Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum • No ribosomes, not present in every cell • Assists with cholesterol synthesis, fat metabolism, & drug detoxification

  22. Golgi apparatus Ribosomes Nucleolus Mitochondria Chromatin Nucleus Centrosome Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Rough ER Smooth ER

  23. Cell Parts - Organelles • Lysosomes • Oval or round bodies in cytoplasm • Contain digestive enzymes that digest and destroy • Old cells • Bacteria • Foreign materials • Important function of immune system

  24. Golgi apparatus Ribosomes Nucleolus Mitochondria Chromatin Nucleus Centrosome Cell Membrane Lysosome Cytoplasm Rough ER Smooth ER

  25. Cell Parts – Organelles • Pinocytic vessels • Pocket like folds in cell membrane • Allow large molecules like fats & proteins to enter cell • When molecules are inside, folds close to form vacuoles or bubbles in cytoplasm

  26. Golgi apparatus Ribosomes Nucleolus Mitochondria Chromatin Nucleus Pinocytic vessel Centrosome Cell Membrane Lysosome Cytoplasm Rough ER Smooth ER

  27. Cell Parts - Organelles • Vacuole • Closet or storage place of cell • May be empty or full • Looks like bubble in cytoplasm

  28. Golgi apparatus Ribosomes Nucleolus Vacuole Mitochondria Chromatin Nucleus Pinocytic vessel Centrosome Cell Membrane Lysosome Cytoplasm Rough ER Smooth ER

  29. Homeostasis • Tendency of a cell to maintain a state of balance • Molecules pass in & out of cell to do this • Cells constantly adjust these to maintain balance • Fluids • Temperature • Oxygen • Electrolytes • Nutrients

  30. Electrolytes • Compounds made of charged particles or ions • Conduct electrical current in water or cytoplasm • + charge = cation (acid) Na++, K+, Mg++, H+ • - charge = anion (base) HCO3, HPO4, C, SO4) • pH measures how much acid/base is present • Each tissue has own normal pH • If pH is not maintained, cell doesn’t function right

  31. Cellular reproduction • Mitosis • Most cells • Divides into 2 identical cells • Asexual • Continuous reproduction • Skin, blood, intestines • Every few years • Muscle • Never • Spinal cord, nervous cells, brain cells

  32. Mitosis • DNA molecules duplicate themselve • Centrioles separate & a spindle forms between them • Duplicated chromosomes line up along center of spindle • Chromosomes separate • Two nuclei form as cell separates • Each new cell has the full number of chromosomes

  33. Meiosis • Process by which sex cells divide • Uses 2 separate cell divisions to produce 4 new cells • Ova – female cells • Spermatozoa – male cells • Chromosome number decreases to 23 (1/2 of mitosis) before division

  34. Meiosis • When ova & sperm join, form a zygote (new cell) with 46 chromosomes (23 from ova & 23 from sperm) • After zygote forms, rapid mitosis occurs • 4-5 days, becomes blastocyst which contains embryonic stem cells • Stem cells have ability to transform into any specialized cell & perform functions • Controversy – can stem cells cure diseases like DM, Parkinson’s disease, osteoporosis, arthritis, heart disease?

  35. Heredity • Passing on of genetic information that determines individual characteristics • Determines physical appearance, blood type, gender • Genes • Contain heredity info in cell • Made up of DNA forming chromosomes • 50-100,000 genes on each chromosome determining general human & individual traits • Dominant gene – characteristic appears when only 1 gene is inherited • Recessive gene – trait only appears when gene is present on both chromosomes

  36. Abnormal genes • Cause many inherited, hereditary, or genetic disorders • Described as CONGENITAL or CONDITION rather than contagious or disease • Some disorders affect only 1 body part, others affect entire systems • Disorders include – clubfoot, cleft lip/palate, cystic fibrosis, Down’s syndrome, Huntington’s chorea, Klinefelter’s syndrome, Neural tube defect, Neurofibromatosis, PKU, Sickle cell anemia, Tay-Sachs disease

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