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Closing the Gap Between What We Know and What We Do

ARACY Access Grid Community Business Partnerships for Early Child Development (ECD). Closing the Gap Between What We Know and What We Do. By J. Fraser Mustard Founding Chairman The Council for Early Child Development . February 20, 2008. 07-183. Why the Gap. Lack of understanding.

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Closing the Gap Between What We Know and What We Do

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  1. ARACY Access Grid Community Business Partnerships for Early Child Development (ECD) Closing the Gap Between What We Know and What We Do By J. Fraser Mustard Founding Chairman The Council for Early Child Development February 20, 2008

  2. 07-183 Why the Gap Lack of understanding. Beliefs and culture. Social and economic factors. Cost of quality ECD programs. The role of the state (the child does not choose its parents). Professional silos (prevention vs. treatment).

  3. “The rates and types of problems that we are currently seeing in our children and youth are unprecedented, complex problems that require innovative solutions.” Fiona Stanley

  4. 06-130 Presentation Part 1: The Evolutionary History of Human Beings Part 2: Developmental Neurobiology Part 3: The Evidence about ECD Part 4: Early Child Development and Parenting Centres – Community Business Partnerships Part 5: Outcome Measures Part 6: Socioeconomic Considerations – Business Community Partnerships

  5. 03-049 The Evolutionary History of Human Beings 200, 000 Years 10, 000 Years – Agricultural Revolution -- Civilization Experiments 3.000 to 4.000 Years – Written Language & Alphabet 600 Years – Books 50 Years – Electronic Media

  6. 05-143 Agricultural Revolution – 10,000 years ago Transition from hunter-gatherer societies to our experiments in civilization. Short History of Progress Wright 2004

  7. The Growth of the World Population and 6 Some Major Events in the History of Technology 01-002  Exponential Knowledge and 4 Technology Growth Population (x 109) 2 Beginning of Industrial Revolution Printing 1st Agricultural Press Revolution 9BC 0 2AD 5BC 3BC 1BC 1AD Year (x 103) Robert W. Fogel. “Economic Growth, Population Theory, and Physiology”, April 1994

  8. 05-144 21st Century / Changes Exponential growth in knowledge and technology Population growth, demographics (aging populations), migration and refugees Changes in local and international economies Climate change and resource constraints Developmental neuroscience

  9. 06-107 The Economist The Search for Talent Why It’s Getting Harder to Find – Business and Community The Economist, October 7, 2006

  10. 07-003 Economist Magazine The Importance of Neuroscience September 21, 2006 – Learning Without Learning (Epigenetics) October 7, 2006 – A Survey of Talent December 23, 2006 – A Survey of the Brain June 14, 2007 – RNA - Really New Advances (microRNA)

  11. PART 2 DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROBIOLOGY

  12. Experience-Based Brain development in the early years of life sets neurological and biological pathways that affect throughout life: 03-080 Health Learning Behaviour

  13. 03-013 The Hostage Brain , Bruce S. McEwen and Harold M. Schmeck, Jr., 1994.

  14. 04-039 Two Neurons RECIPIENT NEURON Axon Synapse SIGNAL-SENDING NEURON Dendrite

  15. 04-042 SENSING PATHWAYS

  16. 04-212 Sound Vision Smell Touch Proprioception Taste Neal Halfon

  17. Vision and Hearing Critical Periods 03-079 Eye cataracts at birth prevent normal development of vision neurons in the occipital cortex(Hubel and Wiesel) Cochlear defects at birth and middle ear infections in infants impair hearing and language development (Rauschecker and O’Donoghue, Fiona Stanley)

  18. 07-123 Brain Pathways “Higher levels of brain circuits depend on precise, reliable information from lower levels in order to accomplish their function. Sensitive periods for development of lower level circuits ends early in life. High level circuits remain plastic for a longer period.” Knudsen 2004

  19. Synaptic Density 03-012 At Birth 6 Years Old 14 Years Old Rethinking the Brain, Families and Work Institute, Rima Shore, 1997.

  20. Human Brain Development – Language and Cognition 01-003 Language Sensing Pathways Higher (vision, hearing) Cognitive Function 9 -3 3 1 0 6 4 8 12 16 -6 Months Years Conception AGE C. Nelson, in From Neurons to Neighborhoods, 2000.

  21. 04-200 Early Child Development and Language Starts early – first 7 months Sets capability for mastering multiple languages Sets literacy and language trajectories

  22. Levels of Literacy: A Reflection of ECD 08-022 Level 1: indicates persons with very poor skills. Level 2: people can deal with material that is simple. Level 3: is considered a suitable minimum for coping with the demands of everyday life. Level 4: people who demonstrate command of higher-order processing skills. Level 5: competence in sophisticated reading tasks, managing information and critical thinking skills.

  23. 06-114 Socioeconomic Gradients for Adult Document Literacy Scores Mean Scores 350 310 Intern’l Mean U.S. 270 Canada Australia 230 Sweden Finland 190 Chile 0 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 Parents’ Education (years) OECD, 2000

  24. 05-178 Literacy Levels for the Total Population Ages 16 to 65 – USA Prose Document Quantitative Percent Level NALS, p. 17, 2002

  25. 05-173 Literacy Levels by Physical, Mental or Other Health Conditions – USA (Quantitative) Health Problems Mental or Emotional Problems Long-term Illness Percent Level NALS, p. 44, 2002

  26. Sociocultural 360 00-042 Gradients for Language Cuba Scores in 320 Latin America Argentina Chile 280 Brazil Language Score Colombia Mexico 240 200 8 16 1 4 12 Parents' Education (Years)

  27. 07-105 Allostasis & Allostatic Load (Stress) Limbic HPA Pathway

  28. 05-212 Limbic HPA Pathway - Stress Cortisol – Over Production Behaviour, depression, diabetes, malnutrition, cardiovascular disease, memory, immune system, drug and alcohol addiction Cortisol – Under Production Chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, immune system (autoimmune disorders) rheumatoid arthritis, allergies, asthma

  29. Sensory Stimulus 03-002 Thalamus Cortex Amygdala Hippocampus - - + + Hypothalamus PVN Cortisol Cortisol CRF PIT ACTH Adrenal Cortex LeDoux, Synaptic Self

  30. 05-213 Stress Pathway and Sensory Stimuli Touch in the Early Period is Critical Rats – Mothers licking pups (High versus Low Grooming) Monkeys – Peer vs mother rearing Humans - Attachment

  31. 08-014 Epigenetics The process by which normal gene expression is altered by experience. Genotype vs Phenotype

  32. 05-059 Hippocampal GR(17) Region 16 (5’ NGFI-A RE) Methylation Timeline 1.2 0.8 Licking Low Mean C-Methylation 0.4 Licking High 0 Embryo Day 20 Weaning Day 21 Pup Day 6 Adult Day 90 Birth Day 1 Age M. Szyf

  33. Serotonin Transporter Gene Experience in Early Life - Depression Age 26 03-089 Depression Risk .70 SS S = Short Allele L = Long Allele .50 SL LL .30 No Abuse Moderate Abuse Severe Abuse Early Childhood A. Caspi, Science, 18 July 2003, Vol 301.

  34. 07-001 Early Experience and Brain Architecture and Function Affects gene expression and neural pathways Shapes emotion, regulates temperament and social development Shapes perceptual and cognitive ability Shapes physical and mental health and behaviour in adult life Shapes physical activity (e.g. skiing, swimming, etc.) Shapes language and literacy capability

  35. THE EVIDENCE ABOUT ECD and HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

  36. 08-015 Pregnancy and Infancy Nutrition (long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids) Toxic substances – tobacco, alcohol and drugs Sensing pathways and breastfeeding Infections (pre- and post-natal)

  37. 05-115 Romanian Adoption Project Scores at 10.5 Years CB EA RO IQ 108 99 85 Language Score 106 99 88 Behaviour 13% 9% 43% CB - Canadian Born – middle class families EA - Early Adopted – middle class families RO - Romanian Orphanage – middle class families L. Le Mare

  38. 08-010 Romania – BEIP Project The cognitive outcome of children who remained in the orphanages was markedly below that of non orphanage children and children taken out of the orphanage and placed in foster care. Nelson et al. 2007. Science, v. 318

  39. 06-003 1958 British Birth Cohort Age 45 Cortisol pathway response in adult correlates with ECD. Children with poor ECD have dysfunctional cortisol secretion patterns at age 45. Power and Hertzman

  40. 04-006 ECD Swedish Longitudinal Study and Adult Health Adverse Early Child Development* 1 2 4 3 0 (None) (Several) Adult Health Odds - Ratios General Physical 1 1.39 1.54 2.08 2.66 1 1.56 1.53 2.91 7.76 Circulatory Mental 1 1.78 2.05 3.76 10.27 * Economic, family size, broken family and family dissention Lundberg, Soc. Sci. Med, Vol. 36, No. 8, 1993

  41. 04-153 Abecedarian Study – Reading Effect Size Special Primary Grades Preschool (4 mths to School) Preschool & Special Primary Grades 1.2 0.8 0.4 0 Age 8 Age 12 Age 15 Age 21 Age at Testing

  42. EARLY CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND PARENTING CENTRES

  43. 06-001 Success by Ten Early Child Development Intervene early Intervene often Intervene effectively Ludwig and Sawhill, Brookings Institution

  44. 07-055 What Provides the Best Results? Centre Based Programs that: Start Early Involve Parents Home Visiting Qualified Staff in Neuroscience and Development

  45. Source of Brain Stimulation 99-004 parent-oriented child-oriented age 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Components of Early Childhood Development and Parenting Centres: ECD & care (parental and non-parental) arrangements Play-based learning Resources Prenatal & postnatal supports Nutrition programs

  46. 05-029 Early Child Development and Parenting Centres Offer from conception to school entry Provide support for parents Learn parenting by doing Provide non-parental care Link to and integrate with primary schools Detect development problems early

  47. 05-027 Recommendations to Involve The Private Sector Encourage private sector to give priority to community-based early child development and parenting centres Parental leave policies Establish incentives to build public-private sector partnerships

  48. 07-129 07-080 07-080 Parental Leave Provide 18 months parental leave with income support, followed by one day weekly leave for both parents until age three to be involved in the Early Child Development & Parenting Centre.

  49. Chaos Early intervention Health Education Family support Social services Local school authorities Public health Munici-palities Community services Parks & recreation Parenting centres Kindergartens Preschools Children’s mental health centres Child care

  50. 04-034 Barriers to Implementing ECDP Programs • Economics • Lack of understanding (government, public and professional) • The state as a nanny • No commitment to equality

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